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Child Growth and Development Midterm Exam Questions and Answers
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What are risk factors and how do they operate to influence a child's outcome? - Answer-Risk factors are variables that increase chances of negative outcomes. Acute risk factors are single incidents, such as a one-time move or a parent divorce. Chronic risk factors are long-term or repeating, such a...

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  • August 31, 2024
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Child Growth and Development Midterm
Exam Questions and Answers
What are risk factors and how do they operate to influence a child's outcome? - Answer-
Risk factors are variables that increase chances of negative outcomes. Acute risk
factors are single incidents, such as a one-time move or a parent divorce. Chronic risk
factors are long-term or repeating, such as multiple (military) moves, poverty, or parent
alcoholism.
Risk factors operate to influence a child's outcome by increasing the child's chance of
negative outcomes. The more risk factors, the more a child will be at risk for a negative
outcome or psychological disorder.

Rutter's Cumulative Risk Model - Answer-0-1 risk factors means that there is no
increased risk for a psychological disorder.
2-4 risk factors means a slightly higher risk for a psychological disorder.
Essential message: more risk factors = higher chance of psychological disorder

Why is predicting a child's outcome so difficult? - Answer-Predicting a child's outcome is
difficult because even children with high numbers of risk factors can have positive
outcomes (eg Oprah) while even children with low numbers of risk factors can have
negative outcomes (eg school shooter). Resilience (the ability to adapt effectively to
threats to development) and protective factors (factors that can protect a child from
harm, eg. supportive parents or education) affect a child's outcome just as much as risk
factors do. No one theory of development can explain all of child development, so
predicting a child's outcome is hard to do.

What are the major controversies or questions in the field of child development today? -
Answer-1. Is development continuous or discontinuous? Continuous development:
gradually building on existing skills; mastering the basics and then moving from there, in
a constant motion. Discontinuous: new knowledge and skills emerge at specific time
points; it is possible to skip steps since the steps aren't based on each other (eg.
skipping crawling and starting to walk)
2. Is development active or passive? Are children actively causing aspects of their own
development, eg. by asking questions, or does development just happen to them?
3. Is there just one path for development or are there multiple paths that lead to the
same place?
4. Nature or nurture? Is development caused by innate biology or by the child's
environment? (We tend to think that it is both)

Freud's Psychosexual Theory - Answer-A psychoanalytic theory that proposes that
parents' management of children's aggressive and sexual drives results in a child's
personality.

,Based on the id (animalistic instincts), ego (the middle ground between the id and the
superego, devoted to balance and rationality), and the superego (the conscience,
reflective of social and cultural values).
It was praised for emphasizing active development and its emphasis on the importance
of childhood development, but criticized for being heteronormative, underestimating the
development between ages 6 and 11, and assuming continuous development.
The five stages:
1. Oral (birth to 1 year)
2. Anal (1-3 years)
3. Phallic (3-6 years)
4. Latency (6-11 years)
5. Genital (adolescence)

Oral Stage - Answer-(birth to 1 year): focus on sucking, mouthing things, and nursing;
unfilled needs leads to thumb-sucking, nail-biting, overeating, smoking

Anal Stage - Answer-(1 to 3 years): conflict is between extreme orderliness and
messiness; a parent's handling of potty training leads to orderliness (anal-retentiveness)
or messiness

Phallic Stage - Answer-(3-6 years): the possibility for the Oedipus (boy's attraction to
own mother) or Electra (girl's attraction to own father) complexes are the main conflict;
children must internalize the values of their same-sex parent:
♣Boys should act like their fathers (think of stereotypically "manly" things, like playing
with toy trucks or tools)
♣Girls should act like their mothers (think of stereotypically "womanly" things, like
playing house or playing with dolls)

Latency Stage - Answer-(6-11 years): largely dormant period; superego develops
through interactions with same-sex peers

Genital Stage - Answer-(adolescence): sexual impulses re-emerge, and success in this
stage is characterized by romantic relationships with same-sex peers

Erikson's Psychosocial Theory - Answer-Built on Freud's theory, it said that the id, ego,
and superego were built through a series of social conflicts, and how the person dealt
with those social conflicts determined his or her outcome. It emphasized a life-span
nature of development.
The eight stages:
1. Trust vs. Mistrust (birth to 1 year)
2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (1-3 years)
3. Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6 years)
4. Industry vs. Inferiority (6-11 years)
5. Identity vs. Identity Confusion (adolescence)
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (young adulthood)
7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (middle adulthood)

, 8. Integrity vs. Despair (after middle adulthood)

Trust vs. Mistrust - Answer-(birth to 1 year): warm, responsive caregivers lead to trust
and belief in a good world; unresponsive caregivers lead to mistrust

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt - Answer-(1-3 years): an increasing desire for
independence marks this stage; parents must permit a reasonable amount of free
choice; shame and doubt arise from not having the skills to be independent

Initiative vs. Guilt - Answer-(3-6 years): playing pretend leads to exploring a sense of
self and who the child wants to become; parents must foster a sense of purpose in the
child

Industry vs. Inferiority - Answer-(6-11 years): develop ability to cooperate with others
through interactions at school

Identity vs. Identity Confusion - Answer-(adolescence): figuring out who they are going
to become

Intimacy vs. Isolation - Answer-(young adulthood): establishing intimate connections;
earlier disappointment could lead to isolation

Generativity vs. Stagnation - Answer-(middle adulthood): focusing on child-rearing and
work

Integrity vs. Despair - Answer-(after middle adulthood): reflecting on who they have
been, and dissatisfaction with who they have been leads to despair and a fear of dying

Research Methods - Answer-1. Descriptive
2. Cross-Sectional
3. Longitudinal
4. Cross-Longitudinal
5. Correlational
6. Experimental: Randomized Control Experiments and Quasi-Experiments

Descriptive Study - Answer-simply records behavior based on observation. Example:
observing a classroom and tallying incidents of aggressive behavior

Cross-Sectional Study - Answer-compares kids of different age groups
the benefit is that it shows different stages of development
flaw is that there is a possible cohort effect (the kids in an age group all experiencing a
non-universal event, like a school shooting, that affects their development)

Longitudinal Study - Answer-follows the same group of kids over a period of time
benefit is the ability to watch development as it progresses

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