NR547 Week 3 exam fully solved (already passed)

psychosis disruptions in thoughts and perceptions leading to a disconnection from reality -symptoms may include abnormal behaviors and sensations, including catatonic behavior -may be acute or chronic -Although psychosis is categorized as a psychiatric disorder, it commonly occurs as a secondary condition due to underlying endocrine, vascular, immunologic, or metabolic problems -Drugs, other substances, or other psychiatric conditions such as depression or mania may also cause symptoms Psychosis: Clinical Presentation divided into several clinical domains -positive • occur when clients experience things in addition to reality • hearing voices or seeing things that are not there -negative • involve a loss of something • loss of ability to experience pleasure or loss of motivation -cognitive • disorganization in thoughts, memories, focus, or attention -affective • the client's feelings and emotions -motor • may include abnormalities in gait, balance, and coordination, irregular muscle contractions, or tremors Psychosis: Positive Symptoms Hallucinations Delusions Thought disorder Hostility Excitability Psychosis: Motor Symptoms Motor delay Dyscoordination EPS -Parkinsonism -Dyskinesia Psychosis: Affective Symptoms Depression Anxiety Suicidality Psychosis: Cognition symptoms Attention Working memory Verbal memory Visual memory Executive functioning Processing speed Social conditioning Psychosis: Negative Symptoms Affective flattening Alogia Anhedonia Amotivation Asociality Hallucinations: perceptual experiences in the absence of external stimuli -Auditory • may include command hallucinations -Visual -Tactile: feeling sensations in the body in the absence of stimuli -Olfactory: smelling things that are not there -Gustatory: tasting things that are not there Delusions: fixed false, irrational beliefs -persecution: delusions r/t being threatened, victimized, or spied on -reference: delusions r/t receiving personal messages from tv, radio, or actions of others -somatic: delusions r/t the body, including illness or the presence of foreign objects • may believe there are objects in their body (may think they are infested with insects.) -grandeur: delusions r/t beliefs of special abilities or powers -control: delusions that actions & thoughts are controlled by others Symptoms of Psychosis: Thought Disorder impairment in the process of thinking and difficulty organizing thoughts in a logical pattern. -incoherent speech -loose associations -meaningless words -perseveration Symptoms of Psychosis: Disorganized Behavior disordered or impaired behavior or communication -childlike silliness -unpredictable agitation -inappropriate clothing for the weather -poor hygiene schizophrenia is a diagnosis commonly associated with __________ psychosis psychosis neurobiological factors: genetics -Many genes play a role in the likelihood that an individual will develop schizophrenia as do epigenetic factors • Heritability for schizophrenia may be as high as 79% • links gene-environment interaction to the diagnosis of schizophrenia psychosis neurobiological factors: Environmental Triggers Regular Cannabis Use Exposure to Early Life Trauma -Sexual Abuse -Emotional Abuse -Emotional Neglect -Bullying psychosis neurobiological factors: Neuroanatomy Several areas of the brain are associated with the symptoms of schizophrenia. When brain circuitry in the prefrontal cortex malfunctions, patients may experience symptoms. Match the brain area with malfunctioning circuitry with the symptoms produced: Area of brain: Mesocortical and ventromedial prefrontal cortex Dorsolateral Orbitofrontal and connections to the amygdala Symptoms: aggressive, impulsive symptoms negative and affective symptoms cognitive symptoms Mesocortical and ventromedial prefrontal cortex: negative and affective symptoms Dorsolateral: cognitive symptoms Orbitofrontal and connections to the amygdala: aggressive, impulsive symptoms psychosis neurobiological factors: Neural networks Dopamine pathways explain the positive and negative symptoms seen in schizophrenia and psychosis -as well as the side effects associated with antipsychotic medications psychosis neurobiological factors: Neural signaling Dopamine Role in Psychosis -leading hypothesis is that psychosis and schizophrenia are associated with a dysfunction of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) • Traditionally, schizophrenia and psychosis symptoms have been associated with a surplus of dopamine, since medications that block dopamine, specifically D2, have been found to reduce the positive symptoms of schizophrenia -schizophrenia symptoms are related to "out of tune" dopamine