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Pharmacology For Nursing Practice (NR-293) Exam_1_Study_Guide.

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Pharmacology For Nursing Practice (NR-293)

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  • September 1, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
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CHAPTER TWO

Chemical Name:
 Describes the drugs chemical composition and molecular structure

Generic Name:
 Nonproprietary name
 Name given by the United Sates Adopted Names Council

Trade Name:
 Proprietary name
 The drug has a registered trademark
 Use of the name is restricted by the drug’s patent owner

Pharmaceutics:
 The study of how various drug forms influence the way in which the drug affects the body

Enteric-Coated Tablets:
 Coating prevents the medication from being broken down by stomach acids too fast
 Coating protects the stomach from the irritation of certain medications
 Do not crush or chew

Pharacokinetics:
 The study of what the body does to the drug
 Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion

Absorption:
 Movement of a drug from it’s site of administration into the bloodstream for distribution to the
tissues
o Bioavailability: extent of drug absorption
o First-pass effect: amount of medication metabolized by the liver and not absorbed into
bloodstream
 Routes:
o Enteral (GI tract)
 Orally, sublingual, buccal
 First pass effect, variable absorption
o Parenteral
 Intravenous
 Rapid onset; avoids first pass effect
 Nursing considerations: monitor drug, compabilities, IV site
 Intramuscular
 Subcutaneous
o Topical
 Avoid first pass effect; except rectal administration
 Transdermal
 Deliver constant amount

,  Slower onset; prolonged duration
 Topical
 Delivers meds directly to affected area
 Decease systemic absorption
 Inhaled

Distribution:
 The transport of a drug by the bloodstream tot its site of action
 Water soluble vs fat soluble
o Blood-brain barrier
 Areas of rapid distribution
o Heart
o Liver
o Kidneys
o Brain
 Areas of slower distribution
o Muscle
o Skin
o Fat
 Protein-binding
o “bound drug” vs “free drug”
o Pharmacologically active vs inactive
o More free (unbound and active) drug = risk of drug toxicity

Metabolism/Biotransformation:
 The biochemical alteration of a drug into an inactive metabolite, a more soluble compound, a
more potent active metabolite, or a less active metabolite
 Liver (main organ)
 Factors that decrease metabolism
o Cardiovascular dysfunction
o Rena insufficiency
o Starvation
o Obstructive jaundice
o Slow acetylator
o Ketoconazole therapy
 Factors that increase metabolism
o Fast acetylator
o Barbiturate therapy
o Rifampin therapy
o Phenytoin therapy

Excretion:
 The elimination of drugs from the body
 Kidneys (main organ)
 Other organs
o Liver

, o Bowel
 Half life
o The time it takes for one half of the original amount of a drug to be removed from the
body
o A measure of the rate at which a drug is removed from the body
o Most drugs considered to be effectively removed after about 5 half lives
o Steady state
 Physiological state in which the amount of medication excreted by the kidneys is
equal to the amount of medication absorbed with each dose

Drug Actions:
 The cellular processes involved in the drug and cell interaction

Drug Effect:
 Physiologic reaction of the body to the drug

Onset:
 The time it takes for the drug to elicit a therapeutic response

Peak:
 The time it takes for a drug to reach its maximum therapeutic response

Duration:
 The time a drug concentration is sufficient to elicit a therapeutic response

Peak Level:
 Highest blood level

Trough Level:
 Lowest blood level

Pharmacodynamics:
 The study of what the drug does to the body

Agonist:
 Drug binds to the receptor
 There is a response

Partial Agonist:
 The drug binds to the receptor
 The response is diminished compared with that elicited by an agonist

Antagonist:
 Drug binds to the receptor
 There is no response
 Drug prevents binding of agonists

, Competitive Antagonist:
 Drug competes with the agonist for binding to the receptor
 If it binds, there is no response

Noncompetitive Antagonist:
 Drug combines with different parts of the receptor and inactivates it, the agonist then has no
effect

Pharmacotherapeutics:
 The clinical use of drugs to prevent and treat diseases

Acute Therapy:
 Epinephrine during a code

Maintenance Therapy:
 High blood pressure

Supplemental Therapy:
 Insulin for a diabetic patient

Palliative Therapy:
 Pain management
 Comfort measures

Supportive Therapy:
 Chemotherapy

Prophylactic Therapy:
 Subq heparin to prevent blood clots

Empiric Therapy:
 Based on clinical probabilities

Therapeutic Index:
 Ratio of drug toxic level to the therapeutic level
 High therapeutic index is safer
 Low therapeutic index requires close monitoring

Additive Effect:
 1+1=2

Synergistic Effect:
 1+1>2

Antagonistic Effect:
 1+1<2

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