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EDF 6225 Foundations of ABA Final Exam Questions and Answers newest update
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1EDF 6225 Foundations of ABA Final Exam
Questions and Answers newest update
Punisher - A stimulus change that decreases the future frequency of behavior that
immediately precedes it.
Hernstein's Matching Law - suggests that when different schedules of reinforcement are
available at the same time for different behaviors, individuals will distribute their behavior
according to the relative rates of reinforcement available for each option.
antecedent, behavior, consequence - The three-term contingency is made of these three
terms:
antecedent - is the environmental conditions or stimulus changes that exist or occur prior
to the behavior of interest.
behavior - An organism's interaction with the environment.
consequence - is anything immediately following a behavior in which we are interested.
Makes the behavior more or less likely to happen in the future.
Discriminative Stimulus (SD) - is the antecedent stimulus that has stimulus control over
behavior because the behavior was reliably reinforced in the presence of that stimulus in
the past. It signals the availability of a particular reinforcer for a particular behavior.
conditioned punisher - A previously neutral stimulus change that functions as a punisher
because of prior pairing with one or more other punishers.
unconditioned punisher - A stimulus that, usually, is punishing without any prior learning.
conditioned reinforcer - a stimulus that has acquired reinforcing properties through prior
learning
Unconditioned Reinforcer - A stimulus that, usually, is reinforcing without any prior
learning.
Side effects of punishment - May lead to an increase in other undesirable behavior.
Can lead to problems such as escape & avoidance, emotional outbursts, and behavioral
contrast.
Reinforcer - any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
, 2
Motivating Operation (MO) - influences the effectiveness of a reinforcer or
punisher while also influencing the frequency of the specific behavior.
Premack Principle - Some professionals will also refer to this technique as "First/Then",
"If/Then", or "High Probability/Low Probability."
Automatic Reinforcement - reinforcement that occurs independent of the social mediation
of others.
when a person's behavior creates a favorable outcome without the involvement of
another person.
Response - An action or change in behavior that occurs as a result of a stimulus.
Is a single instance of behavior.
respondent behavior - is defined as behavior that is elicited by antecedent stimuli.
It is induced, or brought out, by a stimulus that precedes the behavior: nothing else is
required for the response to occur.
i.e. bright light in the eyes (antecedent stimulus) will elicit pupil contraction.
operant behavior - Behavior that is selected, maintained, and brought under stimulus
control as a function of its consequences.
each person's repertoire of this type of behavior is a product of his history of interactions
with the environment
Radical Behaviorism (Skinner) - attempts to understand all human behavior, including
private events such as thoughts and feelings, in terms of controlling variables in the
history of the person and the species.
methodological behaviorism - a philosophical position that views behavioral events that
cannot be publicly observed as outside the realm of science.
It acknowledges the existence of mental events but do not consider them in the analysis
of behavior.
Independent Variable (IV) - The variable that is systematically manipulated by the
researcher in an experiment to see whether changes in this variable will produce reliable
changes in the dependent variable.
In applied behavior analysis, it is usually an environment event or condition antecedent
or consequent to the dependent variable. (sometimes called the intervention or treatment
variable)
Dependent Variable (DV) - The measured behavior in an experiment to determine if it
changes as a result of manipulations of the independent variable; in applied behavior
analysis, it represents some measure of a socially significant behavior. (Target behavior)
Scientific Attitudes (Skinner..DEERPP) - Determinism,
Empiricism,
, 3
Experimentation,
Replication,
Parsimony,
Philosophic Doubt.
Determinism - assumes that all behavior is the result of certain events. Once these
events are identified, future occurrences of a behavior can be modified.
Empiricism - is the practice of objective observation of the phenomena of interest.
experiment. a type of research activity that involves changing only one component of an
individual's environment (IV) to see its effect on some specified behavior (DV)
experimental analysis of behavior (EAB)
This is the OBSERVATION and DATA taking part of ABA.
Experimentation - is the manipulation of variables and taking measurements and
collecting data yields answers. It is a controlled comparison of some measure of the
phenomenon of interest (DV) under two or more different conditions in which only one
factor at a time (IV) differs from one condition to another.
Replication - is the repeating of experiments (as well as repeating IV conditions within
experiments). Replication is the primary method scientists determine the reliability and
usefulness of their findings and discover their mistakes.
parsimony - requires that all simple, logical explanations for the phenomenon under
investigation be ruled out, experimentally or conceptually, before more complex or
abstract explanations are considered.
In other words, given a choice between two competing and compelling explanations for
the same phenomenon, one should shave off extraneous variables and choose the
simplest explanation, the one that requires the fewest assumptions.
CHOOSING THE SIMPLEST AND MOST LOGICAL EXPLANATION.
Philosophic Doubt - requires the scientist to continually question the truthfulness of what
is regarded as fact. Good scientists maintain a healthy level of skepticism. It's an attitude
that the truthfulness and validity of all scientific theory and knowledge should be
continually questioned.
QUESTION EVERYTHING!
3 levels of scientific understanding (DPC) - description, prediction, control
description - enhances the understanding of a given phenomenon. Descriptive
knowledge consists of a collection of facts about the observed events that can be
quantified, classified, and examined for possible relations with other known facts.
prediction - occurs when repeated observations reveal that two events consistently
covary with each other. When in the presence of one event another event occurs with
some specified probability.
, 4
Control - the highest level of scientific understanding. When you are able to
arrange conditions and manipulate the environment.
Momentary Time Sampling - the observer marks down whether or not the behavior was
occurring at the moment the interval ended.
Whole Interval Recording - the observer records whether the target behavior occurred
throughout the entire interval; tends to underestimate the proportion of the observation
period that many behaviors actually occurred.
Partial Interval Recording - a time sampling method in which the observer records
whether the target behavior occurred at any time during the interval.
planned activity check (PLACHECK) - a variation of momentary time sampling in which
the observer records whether each person in a group is engaged in the target behavior at
specific points in time; provides a measure of "group behavior"
Interobserver Agreement (IOA) - The degree to which 2 or more independent observers
report the same observed values after measuring the same events
4 Methods for collecting IOA - total count IOA,
mean count-per-interval IOA,
exact count-per-interval IOA,
trial-by-trial IOA.
total count IOA formula - Smaller count/Larger count x 100 = %
mean count-per-interval IOA formula - (Int.1 IOA + Int. 2 IOA + Int.N IOA)/n intervals x
100= %
exact count-per-interval IOA formula - N Intervals of 100% IOA/N intervals x 100 = %
trial-by-trial IOA formula - Number of trial (items) agreement/Total number of trials (items)
x 100= %
minimum agreement IOA - 80% agreement is the minimum agreement for research in
ABA
observer reactivity - any measurement error that comes from an observers knowledge
that others are evaluating the data that they report
observer bias - systematic errors in observation that occur because of an observer's
expectations.
is the tendency to see what we expect to see, or what we want to see.
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