Class notes
Notes from Textbook
- Course
- NU434 (NU434)
- Institution
- Thomas Jefferson University
Ch 3: Inflammation and Tissue Repair
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Chapter 3: Inflammation and Tissue RepairBODY DEFENSE MECHANISMS
First Line of Defense
● Surface and chemical barriers
● Skin and mucous membranes
○ Tear and saliva are enzyme-filled fluids that protect eyes and oral cavity
Second Line of Defense
● Aka “Inflammatory response”
● Non-specific -- the process of waging an inflammatory response is identical
regardless of the cause of injury
Third Line of Defense
● Activated through the immune response
● Specific defense depending on the type of invader
MODULE 1: ACUTE INFLAMMATION
Acute inflammation: triggered by tissue injury & is essential for healing
● Major 3 goals:
1) Vascular Response: to increase blood flow to site of injury
2) Cellular Response: To alert products of healing to attend to the site of injury
, 3) To remove injured tissue and prepare the site for repair and healing
● Injury: any form of damage or alteration to cells or tissues
1) VASCULAR RESPONSE
● Blood vessels dilate (widen) to increase blood flow to site of injury
● Lining of blood vessel becomes more permeable (or loosens) to allows cells to move from vessel
into injured tissue easily
● Loosening of blood vessel occurs in basement membrane of blood vessel and
adjacent endothelial cells
○ Endothelial cells: form a tight junction within the inner lining of a
heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels
■ They are connected to the basement membrane -- a
noncellular sheet that separates the vessel from body tissues
Why is there a need for increased blood & fluid at site of injury?
1) Blood is composed of cells active in phagocytosis (process of engulfing and
removing harmful agents), and other cells that promote healing & developing
an immune response
2) Increased fluid dilutes harmful substances at the site of the injury
Exudate: layer of watery fluid that seeps from a wound (e.g. out of a knee scrape)
● High protein & leukocyte []
● An indicator that vessels have become more permeable & cells active in phagocytosis are
present/ ready to fend off microorganisms
● Healing can then begin
Inflammatory mediators: facilitate the process of widening and loosening the
blood vessels at the site of injury; messenger that acts on blood vessels and/or cells
to promote an inflammatory response
● Location: found in blood plasma (fluid part of blood) and IN CELLS
(platelets, mast cells, polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), basophils,
neutrophils, endothelial cells, monocytes, & macrophages)
● Examples of inflammatory mediators: Vasoactive amines, proteins,
cytokines, peptides, etc.
INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS WITHIN CELLS
● Commonly: WBCs produce & release inflammatory mediators
○ Platelets, endothelial cells, and injured tissue cells also produce
and release inflammatory mediators
a) Inflammatory Mediators Within White Blood Cells
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