NUR 311 Exam 1 Practice Questions and Correct Answers
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Course
NUR 311
Institution
NUR 311
Basic Concepts in Child Development Children are individuals, not small adults Family-centered care is always the objective in the care of children. Children are influenced by genetic factors, home and evironment, and parental attitudes. Chronological and developmental ages of children are the sing...
NUR 311 Exam 1 Practice Questions and
Correct Answers
Basic Concepts in Child Development ✅Children are individuals, not small adults
Family-centered care is always the objective in the care of children.
Children are influenced by genetic factors, home and evironment, and parental
attitudes.
Chronological and developmental ages of children are the single most important factors
influencing their care.
Prevention of illness and maintenance of health are the main thrusts in health care of
children
Directional trends: cephalocaudal ✅top to bottom
Infant can hold head before keeping back straight
Directional trends: Proximodistal ✅inside to outside
Infant has shoulder control then arm control then finger control
Directional trends: differntiation ✅Simple to complex - gross motor skills (moving arms,
etc) before fine motor (pincer grasp)
Infants ✅Birth -when they start to walk (about 12 months)
First three months - recliners- sleep up to 20 hours a day
3-6 months - gains control to sit
6-9 months - bouncr or crawler
9-12 months - crawler or cruiser
What causes stress in infants ✅As early as 6 months of age, infants are acutely aware
of the absence of their parent and they become fearful of unfamiliar prsons. (stranger
and separation anxiety starts)
Infants can sense the anxiety their parents are experiencing.
Infants are accustomed to having their basic needs (food and sleep) met by a parent
and the constraints of hospitalization often result in loss of needs being met.
Promoting infant development - trust vs. Mistrust ✅place child in position, possibly an
infant seat, so they can see their face and hands
Talk about everything in the room
Touch, swaddle, talk softly
Smile ad put your face in their field of vision
, Try to stimulate home routine and group care to create routines.
Try to assign the same nurse
Keep frightening objects from infant's view.
Pay close attention to light and sound stimulation
Hold for feedings - even NG or gastrostomy if possible and allow non-nutritive sucking
for comfort.
Toys; mobiles, rattles, squeking toys, picture books, balls, colored blocks, activity boxes
Infants and working with parents ✅encourage parent to visit facilitate rooming in.
Allow parents to be present during procedures and comfort
Physical Differences Between Adults and Children ✅Small airway size
Infants rely on diaphragmatic/abdominal breathing
Larnyx & glottis are higher in the neck
Distance between structures shorter so infection spreads more easily
Eustachian tubes are shorter, more open, horizontal, prone to ear infection
Pliability of ribs and sternum
Ribs have horizontal r/t downward slope
Fewer numbers of alveoli
Higher metabolic weight
Signs of respiratory distress ✅tachypnea
Change in LOC: restlessness, irritability, anxiousness
Noisy breathing: expiratory grunting; inspiratory stridor ( swelling, edema, obstruction in
large airways); expiratory wheeze (small airways)
Use of accessory muscles: head bobbing in an infant, sucking in of neck in older kids
Color changes: progresses from pallor to mottled to cyanois. Central cyanosis is a late
sign!!!
Cough: quality (dry, wet, brassy, croupy) Note wheter forceful or weak
Retractions ✅depth and location associated with the severity of respiratory distress.
-mild: isolated intercostal - between ribs
-moderate: subcostal, suprasternal, and supraclavicular
-severe: subcostal, suprasternal, and supraclaviuclar and use of accessory muscles in
the neck (nasal flaring in infants)
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