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AP Psychology Unit 8 Key Terms & Studyguide questions with answers.
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AP Psychology Unit 8 Key Terms &Studyguide questions with answers.
motivationa need or desire that *energizes and directs behavior*
glucosethe form of *sugar* that circulates in the blood and provides the *major source of energy* for
body tissues; when its *level is low, we feel hunger*
sexual response cyclethe four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson--
*excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution*
instincta complex behavior that is rigidly *patterned throughout a species and is unlearned*
set pointthe point at which an individual's *"weight thermostat" is supposedly set*; when the body falls
below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost
weight
refractory perioda *resting period after orgasm*, during which a *man cannot achieve another orgasm*
drive-reduction theorythe idea that a *physiological need* creates an *aroused tension state* (a drive)
that *motivates an organism to satisfy the need*; when you're thirsty, you're motivated to get water to
quench your thirst
basal metabolic ratethe body's *resting rate of energy* expenditure
estrogens*sex hormones*, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males and
*contributing to female sex characteristics*. in nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during
ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity
homeostasisa *tendency to maintain a balanced* or constant internal state; the *regulation of* any
aspect of *body* chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level
, anorexia nervosaan *eating disorder* in which a *person (usually an adolescent female) diets and
becomes* significantly (15% or more) *underweight*, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve.
testosteronethe most important of the *male sex hormones*; both males and females have it, but the
*additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs* in the fetus *and the
development of* the male *sex characteristics* during puberty.
incentivea *positive or negative* environmental stimulus that *motivates behavior*
bulimia nervosaan *eating disorder* characterized by *episodes of overeating*, usually of high-calorie
foods, *followed by vomiting*, laxative use, *fasting, or excessive exercise*
sexual orientationan *enduring* sexual *attraction toward members of* either one's *own sex*
(homosexual orientation) *or the other* sex (hereosexual orientation)
hierarchy of needs*Maslow's pyramid* of human needs, beginning at the base with *physiological
needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs* and then psychological needs
become active
binge-eating disordersignificant *binge-eating* episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but
*without the compensatory purging*, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa.
emotiona *response* of the whole organism, involving (1) *physiological arousal*, (2) *expressive
behaviors*, and (3) *conscious experience/appraisal*
James-Lange theorythe *theory* that our experience of *emotion is our awareness* of our physiological
responses to emotion-arousing stimuli
*arousal----> emotion*
Cannon-Bard theorythe *theory* that an emotion-arousing *stimulus* simultaneously *triggers (1)
physiological responses and* (2) the subjective *experience of emotion*
*arousal + emotion occur simultaneously*
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