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Summary Grade 12 Physical sciences paper 2 (Chemistry) notes
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Grade 12 Physical sciences paper 2 (Chemistry) notes
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GENERAL CHEMISTRY IIFirst Semester, Carbons until Colligative Properties
Lewis Dot Structure - The electron dot diagram compounds, study of life and everyone
of an element or a molecule; it features the or the chemical reactions associated
distribution of valence electrons around with life
elements. ➔ A molecule is often defined by scientists
➔ Carbon has four valence to be organic when it contains not only
electrons and therefore, carbon, but at least one other element
they are drawn on the which is often hydrogen
four sides of a carbon
atom as represented IUPAC naming system
➔ By Hilbert Lewis ● Root word
● Chemistry prefix
Carbon - has tetravalency which means it can ● suffix
form many substances
Root Word - denotes the number of carbon
Types of Bonds atoms present in the primary chain
1. Ionic - transfer of electrons (Metal and ● Prefix - before root word
Non-metal) ● Suffix - refers to the main functional
● Octet rule - needs 8 valence group
electron to reach stability ● Meth (1), Eth (2), Prop (3), But (4), Pent
● Na¹¹ - will give 1 val e⁻ - Cl¹⁷ (5), Hex (6), Hept (7), Oct (8), Non (9),
- Will be stable NaCl Dec (10)
2. Covalent - sharing of electrons; usually
happens between two nonmetals) Hydrocarbons
● Hydrocarbons are organic compounds
3. Hydrogen - hydrogen attracts
that contain only carbon and hydrogen
electronegative atoms
● The four general classes of
● Dipole - 2 poles with different
hydrocarbons are: alkanes, alkenes,
charge
alkynes and arenes
Carbon Cycle
Saturated Hydrocarbons (Alkanes)
● Catenation - carbon atom can bond with
● Are the simplest of the hydrocarbon
any number of other carbon atoms to
species
form straight, branched, chains, and
● Composed entirely of single bonds and
rings of various size
are saturated with hydrogen
● The general formula for saturated
hydrocarbons is CₙH₂ₙ+2
● Alkanes are made exclusively with
single bonds between the carbon atoms
● The smallest alkane is methane
● Undergo reactions under drastic
conditions
● Also called as Paraffin because
➔ Organic Chemistry - study of structure, they have a little affinity towards
properties, composition, reactions, and a general-inert substance
preparations of carbon-containing ● Tetrahedral geometry
@FLIEORS / GENERAL CHEMISTRY - 1
, GENERAL CHEMISTRY II
First Semester, Carbons until Colligative Properties
Properties of Alkenes
a. Colorless and odorless
b. Insoluble in water
c. Soluble in nonpolar solvents such as
benzene
d. Boiling points increase according to
number of carbon atoms in compound
increases
Properties of Alkanes
a. Does not have color Chemical Properties of Alkenes
b. Lighter than water and have low density a. Highly combustible
c. Dissolve more readily in non-polar than b. Combine directly with other reagents,
polar solvents process known as addition
d. Do not dissolve in water
e. As the number of carbon atoms rise, Uses of Alkene
melting & boiling values rise a. Manufacture of plastics like polythene
for making buckets, bowls, bags etc.
Chemical Properties of Alkane b. Manufacture of polystyrene used in
a. Low reactivity making car battery cases and parts of
b. Strong acids, bases and oxidizing the refrigerator.
agents do not react with alkanes c. Making ethane-1,2-diol used as anti
c. Valuable as fuels freezing for motor car radiators
d. In the presence of ultraviolet light, d. Manufacture of ethanol and synthetic
alkanes will react with halogens such as fiber terylene
chlorine gas and bromine water e. Anti-knock for car engines
f. Acrylic fiber
Uses of Alkanes
- Mainly gasoline, heating, cooking, Cycloalkanes - are hydrocarbons containing one
lighters, aerosol cans, and shoe glue or more carbon rings to which hydrogen atoms
are attached
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons Alkynes (Al-kayns)
➔ Have one or more double or triple bonds ● Aka acetylene, simplest alkyne
between carbon atoms ● Colorless gas
➔ Consists of Alkenes and Alkynes ● Unstable in its pure form
● Used as a fuel and a chemical building
Alkenes (Al-kins) block
● Contains only carbon and hydrogen ● Should be mixed with other substance
● Contains at least 1 double bond ● CₙH₂ₙ - 2
● More reactive than alkanes because of
double bond Properties of Alkyne
● Also called as Olefins a. Forms explosive mixture with air
● Found in crude oil b. Unsaturated
● Formula is CₙH₂ₙ
@FLIEORS / GENERAL CHEMISTRY - 2
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