USU Comd 5070 Exam 2 Questions and Correct Answers
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Course
COMD 5070
Institution
COMD 5070
Another term for Speech Sound ~ Segment
Suprasegmental Properties (2) ~ Features of speech that go beyond the production of a single segment ~ Apply to whole utterances
Invariance ~ The notion that a sound doesn't stray or Vary
Coarticulation (4) ~ Also known as Coproduction ~ Sounds influence o...
USU Comd 5070 Exam 2 Questions and
Correct Answers
Another term for Speech Sound ✅~ Segment
Suprasegmental Properties (2) ✅~ Features of speech that go beyond the production
of a single segment
~ Apply to whole utterances
Invariance ✅~ The notion that a sound doesn't stray or Vary
Coarticulation (4) ✅~ Also known as Coproduction
~ Sounds influence one another because each sound has specific features. If you
record each speech separately and play it all back together it wouldn't be very
convincing.
~ The boundaries for each sound become blurred when all produced together.
~ Since each sound has specifics they can affect the position of the next (lip rounding,
velar lowering)
Forward/Anticipatory Coarticulation (2) ✅~ there is an anticipation of an upcoming
sound
~ An earlier sound is influenced by a later sound
E.g. "spoon" you have lip rounding of the "s" which normally doesn't occur but happens
because of the "oo"
backward/retentive Coarticulation ✅~ Influence on a later sound by an earlier one.
E.g. "no" the "o" might sound a bit nazalized because of the "n"
Development of Coarticulation ✅~ When a child is first learning speech they basically
have to learn to coarticulate
~ These areas develop with the maturing of the CNS and with practice speaking.
Speech Disorder where Coarticulation is reduced ✅~ Apraxia of Speech: adult
acquired by blunt trauma to the head or stroke: results in a difficulty of linking the
syllables together so they aren't as cleanly coordinated together
Evidence against Invariance (4) ✅~ duration for segments in isolation is relatively long
~ Then that consonant become shorter when combined with 1other sound
~ Then it becomes even shorter still when combined with 2?
, ~ It shows that sounds do vary based on when and how they are produced
E.g. pie then spy then spry. The "p" sound gets shorter.
Speech Clarity (Articulating when speaking) (2) ✅~ longer segment durations
~ released stops (saying "hat" the "t" is a clear burst of release at the end)
Lindblom's H&H hypothesis ✅the Hyper & Hypo hypothesis- we adjust how much
articulator effort we use depending on the circumstances
E.g: when you are in a quiet area you may be able to to minimize your energy
expenditure by speaking casually, but if you are speaking to someone with an hearing
impairment or you are in a noisy area you tend to adjust the energy level upwards and
articulate with more force and effort
Articulatory Undershoot (3) ✅~ the articulators don't necessarily meet the targets that
we would predict them to meet.
Eg. if you were producing vowels /a, i, u/ you would not move the tongue as far as you
would expect to as you would when you produce them in isolation.
~The articulator has too much inertia to move between two targets in the available time
so it doesn't travel as far as it would if there was more time
~ So when you speak more naturally you tend to make smaller articulatory movements.
Impact of Loudness on Speech (2) ✅~ When measured in wavelengths with
x=amplitude and y=the movements up and down of the lower lip the loudness waves
are a lot closer together than articulation
~ Being loud is a simple suprasegmental adjustment to the way that speech is
produced, its very familiar to all of us and so its a relatively a simple thing to implement
in therapy particularly with patients who have PD because attention to fine detail may be
difficult.
Prosody (2) ✅~ May be referred to as intonation
~ It is considered a suprasegmental property because it overarches all of the sounds
you make
Prosody Key Components (3) ✅~ fundamental frequency (pitch), intensity (loudness),
duration
~ So if you want to place particular emphasis on a particular sound or word you would
increase its intensity and you would simultaneously increase the fundamental frequency
and stretch out its duration
~ All three of these parts don't just apply to a single sound or phoneme so what
happens is there are prosodic contrasts throughout an utterance you have rising and
falling patterns of stress.
What Mechanisms Drive Prosody (2) ✅~ Its primarily the respiratory system: because
if you pump more air pressure from the lungs you will get an increase in intensity along
with an increase in fundamental frequency at the same time.
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