Cell Bio Final Ch 26, Chapter 23 Signal
Transduction Mechanism: II, Cell Phys: Chapter
24, Chapter 26: Cancer Cells MBA| Qs & As
What are the categories into which proteins encoded by oncogenes fit? - ✔✔Growth factors,
signal receptors, plasma membrane-associated GTP-binding proteins, and cell cycle regulators are all
categories into which proteins encoded by oncogenes fit
ON EXAM - ✔✔In some forms of breast cancer, estrogen is a promoter.
KNOW - ✔✔Children with hereditary retinoblastoma inherit a chromosome 13 from one parent
that has a deletion defect in the RB gene.
If an individual inherits a genetic mutation from a parent, then all cells of the individual are affected.
Most hereditary forms of breast and ovarian cancer arise in women who inherit a mutant copy of either
the BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene, each of which encodes a proteins involved directly in......
(ON EXAM) - ✔✔repairing DNA double-strand breaks.
The normal RB gene product functions as a
(ON EXAM) - ✔✔A cell cycle protein
What are some causes of cancer? - ✔✔Carcinogens, radiation, infectious agents, and heredity
Epigenetic changes in gene expression that can lead to cancer by silencing tumor suppressor genes are
mediated by.....
,(ON EXAM) - ✔✔DNA methylation.
ON EXAM - ✔✔Hepatitis B virus, Epstein-Barr virus, human papilloma virus, and hepatitis C virus
all have been associated with a particular type of cancer
Influenza virus has NOT been associated with cancer
In examining biopsy tissue, you would expect to find each of the following characteristics in metastatic
cancer cells...... - ✔✔poorly differentiated cells; many dividing cells; a poorly defined tumor
boundary; and a high nucleus to cytoplasmic volume ratio.
All of the following are cancer screening procedures - ✔✔Pap smear, mammography, PSA test,
and colonoscopy.
Chemotherapeutic drugs can do all of the following:
(on exam) - ✔✔inhibit metabolic pathways required for DNA synthesis; chemically cross-link
DNA strands; inhibit DNA topoisomerases required for DNA replication; and disrupt spindle
microtubules
All of the following are immunotherapy approaches for treating cancer - ✔✔Inserting bacteria
to provoke a local immune response after removing a tumor; injecting humanized antibodies that
recognize cancer cell surface proteins; stimulating immune system response with interleukin-2
orinterferon alpha; and introducing cancer cell antigens to stimulate immune system response to
selectively attack cancer cells
The anti-angiogenic drug Avastin works by - ✔✔binding to and inhibiting the activity of VEGF
Carcinomas are cancers that originate in - ✔✔epithelial cells and comprise 90% of all cancers
KNOW - ✔✔A leukemia is a cancer of blood cells in which the cells proliferate in the bloodstream
,Some cancer cells produce the enzyme telomerase, which....... - ✔✔protects the ends
of chromosomes during multiple rounds of cell division
The enzyme matrix metalloproteinase..... - ✔✔breaks down the extracellular matrix to facilitate
angiogenesis
What s the direct migration and penetration of cancer cells into neighboring tissues? - ✔✔Invasion
Highly invasive cancer cells usually express less - ✔✔E-cadherin, a key adhesion molecule.
Cancer cells secrete an activator of the enzyme plasmin to...... - ✔✔degrade basal lamina and
extracellular matrix and activate matrix metalloproteinases
Epidemiological studies have revealed that cancers arise with differing frequencies in different parts of
the world because of...... - ✔✔environmental agents and lifestyle factors trigger different DNA
mutations associated with particular types of cancers.
know - ✔✔An individual can inherit a gene in which expression has been altered by an
epigenetic change with no mutation of the gene sequence
Finding the Rous sarcoma virus in chickens established..... - ✔✔the first association between viral
infection and cancer.
Epigenetic effects on gene expression may occur through - ✔✔covalent modifications of DNA
and histones
know - ✔✔Overexpression of micro-RNAs, which bind to and silence mRNAs, may lead to
the development of cancer.
Three or more spindle poles present during mitosis of actively dividing cancer cells causes
- ✔✔aneuploidy
, Precarcinogens - ✔✔not carcinogens but may be modified in the liver to become a carcinogen by
a process known as carcinogen activation
Tumor progression by clonal expansion is based on....... - ✔✔the idea that the original population
of cancer cells is subjected to Darwinian selection.
Nude mice are useful for investigating cancer cells because - ✔✔he nude mice lack a functional
immune system.
know - ✔✔As in development of normal tissue such as skin, a tumor may contain cancer stem
cells that generate large numbers of descendants
In addition to cleaving extracellular matrix structural components, plasmin can facilitate..... -
✔✔metastasis by cleaving precursors to activate matrix metalloproteinases
For approximately two-thirds of human cancers, the rates of metastasis to different organs can be
explained by - ✔✔blood-flow patterns.
know - ✔✔Although not predicted by blood-flow patterns, prostate cancer cells
commonly metastasize to bone, because bone cells produce specific growth factors
Tumor suppressor genes can be split into the two categories of..... - ✔✔gatekeeper and caretaker
genes
Inhibitors of which of the following would interfere with nitric oxide stimulation of cardiac artery
dilation the relaxation of smooth muscle cells? - ✔✔Inhibitors of all of the above would interfere
with nitric oxide stimulation.
The concentration of the primary messenger (ligand) in the bloodstream changes from <10-9 M when
the signal is not being secreted to 10-7 M when it is being secreted. Which of the following kds for
binding that ligand would be optimal for a receptor involved in a responsive signaling system? -
✔✔10-8
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