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CHSOS 404 Exam with Questions & Answers
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CHSOS 404 Exam with Questions & Answers
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CHSOS 404 Exam with Questions & AnswersWhat are the 3 connective tissues in the meninges? - ✔✔dura mater- double layer membrane
surrounding the brain; outer most layer- closest to skull
arachnoid mater- threadlike extensions span subarachnoid space (filled with CSF); in between dura and
pia mater
pia mater- clings tightly to the surface of brain and spinal cord; inner most layer
What are the two layers in the dura mater? - ✔✔periosteal layer- attached to inner skull surface
meningeal layer- outer most covering and continues as dura mater of spinal cord
T/F: the dura mater is fused in most areas except for 3 areas due to dural sinuses open to collect venous
blood - ✔✔true
T/F: arachnoid villa protrude through dura mater - ✔✔true
What are the 4 ventricles that contain CSF? - ✔✔2 lateral ventricles, diencephalon ventricle,
and ventricle in subarachnoid space and central cord of spinal cord
How is CSF formed? What is it composed of? - ✔✔formed from blood by the choroid plexus, a set
of capillary clusters originating from the pia mater that are found in each ventricle
composed of less protein, more vitamin C, and different in content than plasma (essentially ultrafiltrate
of plasma)
,T/F: CSF is constantly absorbed and produced - ✔✔true
What substances does the blood brain barrier allow through? What does it not allow through? -
✔✔allows nutrients like water, glucose, and essential amino acids, anything lipid soluble
does not allow metabolic waste or nonessential amino acids
T/F: Lipid soluble molecules like fats, respiratory gases, and other fat soluble molecules can pass through
the BBB freely - ✔✔true
T/F: alcohol, nicotine, and heroin can pass through the BBB easily - ✔✔true- they are all fat soluble
T/F: permeability of the BBB changes throughout the life span; more permeable at birth - ✔✔true
ex: hyperbilirubinemia in infants can suffer brain damage, but is prevented in crossing in adults
Where does the spinal cord start and end? - ✔✔continuation from brain stem
starts from foramen magnum at base of skull and ends at the level of L1 or L2
What is the cauda equina? - ✔✔collection of spinal nerves at the inferior end of spinal cord;
relays afferent sensory info to the brain and efferent somatic info from brain
What is the knee jerk response? - ✔✔stretch of patellar tendon and extension of the lower limb
What is the flexor-withdrawal response? - ✔✔stimulation by painful stimuli to cause removal of a
limb from that stimulus; accompanied usually by activation of muscles on the alternating side to
prepare for shift in weight distribution
What spinal reflexes control proprioception? - ✔✔myotatic and stretch reflexes
proprioception- position of the body in space
What are spinal nerves? How many are there? - ✔✔32 or more pairs of spinal nerve
,8 pairs of cervical nerves
12 pairs of thoracic nerves
5 pairs of lumbar nerves
5 pairs of sacral nerves
2 or more coccygeal nerves
T/F: the newborn S.C. is different from the adult S.C. - ✔✔true- newborn s.c ends at L2/L3 while
adult s.c. ends at L1
T/F: you would perform spinal taps at the level of L3/L4 for adults - ✔✔true
Where are the four nerve networks/plexuses that stem into the PNS? - ✔✔cervical (C1-C5)
brachial (C5-TI)
lumbar (L1-L4)
sacral (L4-S5)
How does sensory inputs enter the S.C. and exit to the brain? - ✔✔sensory neurons enter the
dorsal root/posterior horns and cell bodies are found in dorsal root ganglion
How does motor inputs enter the S..C and exit to the brain? - ✔✔motor neurons enter the
ventral root/anterior horns and cell bodies are found in the ventral root/anterior horns
What do interneurons do? - ✔✔connect sensory and motor neurons and carry impulses
between them
Where are the dorsal roots and ventral roots located? Where are the dorsal horns and ventral horns
located? - ✔✔dorsal roots and ventral roots- gray matter
dorsal horns and ventral horns- white matter
T/F: central canal of S.C. carries the CSF - ✔✔true
, What is composed of the white matter? What are the 3 regions in the white matter? -
✔✔composed of myelinated fibers/tract
3 regions- posterior columns, lateral columns, anterior columns (sensory/afferent and motor/efferent
tracts travel up and down these columns)
What are the causes and clinical manifestations of brain injury? - ✔✔causes- direct trauma or
vascular changes that result in lack of perfusion or hemorrhage of brain tissue
clinical manifestations- loss of consciousness, altered motor and respiratory responses, change in the
pupils
What is a traumatic brain injury (TBIs)? - ✔✔varying impairments depending on cause, severity,
and brain region involved
What are cerebrovascular disease? - ✔✔vascular injuries such as stroke that may present with
similar manifestations to TBIs
What are spinal cord injuries (SCIs)? - ✔✔the result of injuries to cranial nerves that often
accompany TBIs
What are seizures? - ✔✔accompany many neurological conditions, including TBIs
and cerebrovascular disease
What system determines consciousness? - ✔✔reticular activating system (runs through brain stem
to both hemispheres)
T/F: loss of consciousness implies diffuse brain injury - ✔✔true
T/F: focal neurologic deficit does not usually disrupt consciousness - ✔✔true- focal aka local (usually
one specific symptom of a central system)
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