Exam (elaborations)
Chapter 2: Functional Neuroanatomy: The Nervous System and Behavior
- Course
- Institution
Chapter 2: Functional Neuroanatomy: The Nervous System and Behavior
[Show more]
Content preview
CHAPTER 2: FUNCTIONALNEUROANATOMY: THE NERVOUS
SYSTEM AND BEHAVIOR
u Neuron (Nerve Cell) - The basic unit of the nervous system, each composed of receptive extensions
called dendrites, an integrating cell body, a conducting axon, and a transmitting axon terminal
Glial Cells (Glia, Neuroglia) - Nonneuronal brain cells that provide structural, nutritional, and other types
of support to the brain
Neuron Doctrine - The hypothesis that the brain is composed of separate cells that are distinct
structurally, metabolically, and functionally
Synapse - The tiny gap between neurons where information is passed from one to the other
Mitochondrion - A cellular organelle that provides metabolic energy for the cell's processes
Cell Nucleus - The spherical central structure of a cell that contains the chromosomes
Ribosomes - Structures in the cell body where genetic information is translated to produce proteins
Dendrite - One of the extensions of the cell body that are the receptive surfaces of the neuron
Input Zone - The part of a neuron that receives information from other neurons or from specialized
sensory structures; usually corresponds to the cell's dendrites
Cell Body (Soma) - The region of a neuron that is defined by the presence of the cell nucleus
Integration Zone - The part of the neuron that initiates nerve electrical activity; usually corresponds to
the neuron's axon hillock
Axon - A single extension from the nerve cell that carries action potentials fro the cell body to other
neurons
Conduction Zone - The part of the neuron over which the nerve's electrical signal may be actively
propagated; usually corresponds to the cell's axon
Axon Collateral - A branch of an axon from a single neuron
Axon Terminal (Synaptic Button) - The end of an axon or axon collateral, which forms a synapse on a
neuron or other target cell
Output Zone - The part of a neuron, usually corresponding to the axon terminals, at which the cell sends
information to another cell
Multipolar Neuron - A nerve cell that has many dendrites and a single axon
Bipolar Neuron - A nerve cell that has a single dendrite at one end and a single axon at the other end
, Unipolar (Monopolar) Neuron - A nerve cell with a single branch that leaves the cell body and then
extends in two directions; one end is the receptive pole, and the other end is the output end
Motor Neuron (Motoneuron) - A nerve cell that transmits motor messages, stimulating a muscle or gland
Sensory Neuron - A neuron that is directly affected by changes in the environment, such as light, odor, or
touch
Interneuron - A neuron that is neither a sensory neuron nor a motor neuron; it receives input from and
sends output to other neurons
Arborization - The elaborate branching of the dendrites of some neurons
Presynaptic - Referring to the region of a synapse that releases neurotransmitter
Postsynaptic - Referring to the region of a synapse that receives and responds to neurotransmitter
Presynaptic Membrane - The specialized membrane of the axon terminal of the neuron that transmits
information by releasing neurotransmitter
Synaptic Cleft - The space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic elements
Postsynaptic Membrane - The specialized membrane on the surface of the cell that receives information
by responding to neurotransmitter from a presynaptic neuron
Synaptic Vesicle - A small, spherical structure that contains molecules of neurotransmitter
Neurotransmitter (Synaptic Transmitter, Chemical Transmitter, Transmitter) - The chemical released from
the presynaptic axon terminal that serves as the basis of communication between neurons
Histology - The scientific study of the composition of tissue
Nissl Stain - A cell stain that revels all cell bodies by staining RNA
Golgi Stain - A cell stain that fills a small proportion of neurons with a dense dark product
Autoradiography - A histological technique that hows the distribution of radioactive chemicals in tissues
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) - A technique in which labeled antibodies are used to visualize the
histological distribution of specific proteins
In Situ Hybridization - A technique in which labeled complementary nucleic probes are used to identify
cells expressing specific messenger RNA transcripts, reflecting the activation of specific genes of interest
Tract Tracer - A compound used to identify the routes and interconnections of neuronal projections
Receptor (Receptor Molecule) - A protein that binds and reacts to molecules of a neurotransmitter or
hormone
Neural Plasticity (Neuroplasticity) - The ability of the nervous system to change in response to experience
or the environment
Axon Hillock - A cone-shaped area from which the axon originates out of the cell body; functionally, the
integration zone of the neuron
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller knowledgeNest. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $10.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
75759 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now