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Honors Chemistry Unit 4 Test Already Graded A+ Ionic Bond: ️ Force of attraction between two oppositely charged ions formed by one particle losing electrons and another gaining electrons. ️ Formed when one atom takes an electron from another atom—ions are the result (one positive,...

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Honors Chemistry Unit 4 Test Already Graded A+


Ionic Bond:

✔️ Force of attraction between two oppositely charged ions formed by one particle losing electrons
and another gaining electrons.

✔️ Formed when one atom takes an electron from another atom—ions are the result (one positive,
one negative)—they stick together because of opposite charges.

✔️ Difference between electronegativities is high.

✔️ Involves metals (low electronegativity) losing electrons to form cations and nonmetals (high
electronegativity) gaining electrons to form anions.



Covalent Bond:

✔️ Electrons are shared between atoms with relatively high electronegativity (nonmetals).

✔️ Formed when both atoms have a strong attraction to the electron, leading to shared electrons—
neither atom has a charge.

✔️ Difference between electronegativities is low.

✔️ Can involve unequal sharing (polar covalent bond) or equal sharing (nonpolar covalent bond).



Metallic Bond:

✔️ Bond formed between metals; two or more metal atoms bonded together.

✔️ Occurs when neither atom has a strong attraction to the electrons, resulting in "spare" electrons
that form the "sea of electrons."



Polar Covalent Bond:

✔️ Bonds where electrons are not equally shared—there is a preference for one nucleus over the
other.



Semimetal:

✔️ Metallic bonds where the electrons are more tightly held; these substances exhibit fewer metallic
properties and more covalent properties.

, Diatomic Molecules:

✔️ Examples include Br₂, I₂, N₂, Cl₂, H₂, O₂, F₂; a molecule consisting of two atoms.



Naming Covalent Compounds Prefixes:

✔️ 1 Mono

✔️ 2 Di

✔️ 3 Tri

✔️ 4 Tetra

✔️ 5 Penta

✔️ 6 Hexa

✔️ 7 Hepta

✔️ 8 Octa

✔️ 9 Nona

✔️ 10 Deca



The Octet Rule:

✔️ Most elements combine such that each atom tends to have 8 valence electrons, resembling the
electron configuration of a noble gas.

✔️ Exceptions include some elements that require fewer than 8 (e.g., boron in BF₃ and beryllium in
BeCl₂) and elements that can have more than 8 (e.g., sulfur in SF₆ and phosphorus in PCl₅).



Valence Electron:

✔️ An electron in the highest occupied energy level of an atom.



Electron Dot Structure:

✔️ A notation that depicts valence electrons as dots around the atomic symbol of an element; also
called Lewis dot structure.

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