Honors Chemistry Final Exam Quizlet Guaranteed A+
Atom ️The basic unit of a chemical element.
Molecule ️Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
Physical change ️A change of matter from one phase to another without a change in chemical
properties (melting, freezing, boiling, ...
Molecule ✔️Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
Physical change ✔️A change of matter from one phase to another without a change in chemical
properties (melting, freezing, boiling, condensing, dissolving)
Phase change ✔️A change from one state (solid or liquid or gas) to another without a change in
chemical composition
Chemical change ✔️A change that produces matter with a different composition than the original
matter, aka different properties (evolution of gas, color change, formation of a precipitate,
release/absorption of energy)
Qualitative data ✔️Descriptive data: Information describing color, odor, shape, or some other physical
characteristic
Quantitative data ✔️Numerical data: Information associated with mathematical models and statistical
techniques used to analyze spatial location and association.
Observation vs. Inference ✔️Observation = information gathered by the five senses
Inference = logical explanation for an observation based on prior knowledge, context, etc
SI base units ✔️mass- kg or g
length- m
time- s
temp- K or C
amount of substance- mol
,electrical current- A (ampere)
luminous intensity - candela (cd)
*make sure you know the metric conversions (kilo, centi, milli, etc)
Temperature ✔️The average kinetic energy of particles making up an object (Fahrenheit is NOT used in
chemistry)
Density Formula ✔️Density = mass/volume
Accuracy vs. Precision ✔️Accuracy = how close experimental value is to accepted value
Precision = how closely measured values agree with each other
How to calculate percent error ✔️I (measured value - accepted value) / accepted value x 100 I
The "I" means absolute value btw :)
Significant figures 😬👎❌ ✔️The digits in a measurement that were actually measured
Rules:
*all non zero digits are significant (2.3 = 2 sig figs)
*all "captive" zeros are significant (2022 = 4 sig figs, 5000.1 = 5 sig figs)
*leading zeros are NOT significant (0.0012 = 2 sig figs, 00123 = 3 sig figs)
*Zeros at the end of a number, or "trailing zeros", are not significant UNLESS it is a decimal (230 = 2 sig
figs, 23.0 = 3 sig figs)
Scientific Notation ✔️Numbers expressed with one digit left of the decimal point and multiplied by a
power of ten
, When the number is above zero, the power of ten will be positive. When the number is less than zero,
the power of ten will be negative
In a calculation with different decimal placements, the answer is rounded to the least number of sig figs
(ex: A = b x h -> A = 10.513m x 8.78m -> A = 92.3m^2
Dimensional analysis ✔️The conversion of measurements to different units using conversion factors
ex: 6.25 days x (24 hours/1 day) = 150. hours
How to measure graduated cylinders ✔️The smaller the cylinder gets, the more precise the
measurements get/the more decimal places you include
(someone fact check me on this plz 🙏)
Matter ✔️Anything that has mass and takes up space
Phases of Matter ✔️1. solid
2. liquid
3. gas
4. plasma (but we don't talk about her )
Compound ✔️A substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical
bonds
Pure substance ✔️Only 1 kind of atom/molecule
*elements
*compounds (2+ atoms bonded)
Mixtures ✔️More than one atom/molecule
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