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Erik Erikson - ✔✔8 distinct stages with 2 different outcomes, failure can
reduce ability to reach next stage
trust vs mistrust - ✔✔birth to 1. if trust is developed, child gains confidence
and security. unsuccessful leads to inability to trust and sense of fear
(anxiety, insecurity, mistrust)
autonomy vs shame and doubt - ✔✔1-3, assert independence by walking
away, choosing own clothes. If encouraged child feels confident and
secure. if controlled and criticized, child feels inadequate, overly dependent
on others, and lack self-esteem
initiative vs guilt - ✔✔3-6, plan activities, make up games, develop a sense
of initiative - feel secure in their ability to lead others and make decisions. if
not, develop a sense of guilt and feel like a nuisance, remain a follower,
and lack self-initiative.
industry vs inferiority - ✔✔6-puberty, sense of pride in accomplishments,
initiate projects and feel good if they complete them. if encouraged they
,feel industrious and confident to achieve new goals. if not encouraged, they
doubt their abilities and fail to reach their potential
identity vs role confusion - ✔✔during adolescence, the transition from
childhood to adulthood, look at future in terms of career, relationships,
families, and housing. form their own identities, if hindered they can be
confused and not know their role
intimacy vs isolation - ✔✔young adulthood, explore relationships, sense of
commitment, safety, and care. avoiding intimacy can lead to isolation,
loneliness, and depression
generativity vs stagnation - ✔✔middle adulthood, establish careers, settle
down, begin families, give back to society, may become stagnant and feel
unproductive
ego integrity vs despair - ✔✔senior citizens, explore life as retired people,
develop a sense of integrity, may feel unproductive and failing to
accomplish life goals
social development at micro level - ✔✔relies on emotional development or
learning how to manage feelings so they are productive and not
counterproductive
,social development at macro level - ✔✔about a commitment that
development processes need to benefit people, recognizes the way people
interact in groups and society
emotional development - ✔✔social skills and emotional development are
reflected in the ability to pay attention, make transitions from one activity to
another, and cooperate with others
cognitive development - ✔✔focuses on the development in terms of
information processing, conceptual resources, perceptual skill, language
learning, and other aspects of brain development
six levels of cognition - ✔✔knowledge, comprehension, application,
analysis, synthesis, evaluation
Jean Piaget - ✔✔developmental psychologist best known for this theory of
cognitive development. holds that children learn through interaction with the
environment and others.
sensorimotor - ✔✔0-2, retains image of objects, develops logic, begins
intentional actions, imitative play, meaning of signals
preoperational - ✔✔2-7, concrete to abstract thinking, can comprehend
past present and future, night terrors, acquires words and symbols, magical
, thinking, thinking is not generalized, thinking is concrete and egocentric,
cannot see another point of view, imaginary friends
concrete operations - ✔✔7-11, beginning abstract thinking, plays games
with rules, cause and effect relationship, logical implications are
understood, thinking is independent of experience, thinking is reversible,
rules of logic are developed
formal operations - ✔✔11 through maturity, higher level of abstraction,
planning for future, thinks hypothetically, assumes adult roles and
responsibilities
kohlberg - ✔✔holds that moral reasoning, which is the basis for ethical
behavior, has six identifiable developmental constructive stages. a person
must pass through each stage of moral development without skipping a
stage
preconventional - ✔✔elementary school level (before 9), child obeys an
authority figure out of fear and punishment. child acts acceptably as it is in
his or her best interests. conforms to rules to receive rewards
conventional - ✔✔early adolescence, person acts to gain approval from
others, obeys law and fulfills obligations and duties to maintain social
system.
