NR 545 EXAM 3 LATEST 2024-2025 ACTUAL
EXAM STUDY GUIDE WITH QUESTIONS AND
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Terms in this set (111)
Angina, or angina pectoris, is often described as chest
pain usually precipitated by stress or exertion and
relieved rapidly with rest or nitrates. Those with angina
report varying symptoms including chest pain
What is Angina?
categorized as squeezing while others describe the pain
like a heavy weight being placed on the chest. Angina is
relatively common, and usually due to atherosclerotic
heart disease.
Angina is chest pain that is associated with decreased
blood flow or ischemia to the myocardial tissue. The
What is the Patho of decreased blood flow may be the result of
Angina? atherosclerosis or coronary artery spasm. Neural pain
receptors are stimulated by accelerated cellular
metabolism, chemical changes, and imbalances
- chest heaviness
- chest pressure
- squeezing or fullness Sometimes this pain radiates to
the left shoulder and arm while others report pain in the
jaw.
What are signs and
symptoms of Angina?
Generally, the attack length can range anywhere
between three minutes to twenty minutes. Attacks
reported at greater than thirty minutes are concerning
and could indicate the development of acute coronary
syndrome.
, - Troponin
- CK-MB: to evaluate for acute coronary symptoms as
What lab test are needed well as for anemia which might be contributing to
for angina? ischemic chest pain.
- An ECG should also be obtained to rule out acute
coronary syndrome.
Nitroglycerin (Drug of choice):
Nitroglycerin relaxes and widens the blood vessel
promoting easier blood flow to the heart muscle. Dosing
What are pharmacological
of nitroglycerin is 0.3-0.6 mg by translingual spray or
remedies for Angina?
sublingual tablet every five minutes, as indicated with a
max of 3 doses in 15 minutes.
Beta-Blockers and ACE inhibitors
(Heart Attack)
A myocardial infarction (MI) occurs when blood flow to
the heart is minimized. The blockage is most often
caused by a buildup of cholesterol, which forms a
What is a myocardial plaque in the arteries that circulate oxygenated blood
infarction? flow to the myocardium. When the plaque breaks away it
can form a clot, interrupting or completely blocking
blood flow and destroying a part of the heart muscle.
Unlike with an episode of angina, those experiencing a
myocardial
infarction often report symptoms of pain at rest.
, During a myocardial infarction there is an imbalance
between myocardial oxygen supply and demand.
Prolonged ischemia (>30 minutes) from the lack of
circulating blood flow to the myocardium results in
What is the patho of a
cellular death, further impacting the heart's ability to
Myocardial Infarction?
function. Depending on the extent of the cell death, the
heart might have decreased contractility resulting in wall
function abnormalities further placing the patient at risk
for decompensation.
- Sharp radiating pain (Even at rest)
- Light-headed or have increased feelings of anxiety or
impending doom.
- Nausea (more common in right coronary artery
occlusion)
What are the symptoms of a
- Vomiting
Myocardial Infraction?
- Diaphoresis
- Syncope
- Dyspnea
- Orthopnea
- Wheezing
- Troponins
- CK-MB
What lab test are needed
- An ECG will often demonstrate ST-segment elevation
for a Myocardial Infraction?
or new left bundle
branch block.
Patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction will
need reperfusion therapy or fibrinolytic therapy. To
How do you manage a
decrease mortality rates, reperfusion through PCI needs
Myocardial Infraction?
to be completed within 90 minutes of presentation to
the emergency room.
a disease of the arteries characterized by the deposition
What is Atherosclerosis?
of plaques of fatty material on their inner walls.
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