NR601 Midterm Exam-Questions with Correct Answers/ Verified/ Latest Update 2024/2025
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Course
NR601
Institution
NR601
How is COPD diagnosed? - Spirometry is gold standard (pre and post bronchodilator).
Irreversible airflow limitation is hallmark.
How is COPD treated? - Bronchodilators: beta agonists (long/short), anticholinergics
(long/short), or combo.
What is the MOA of beta agonists? - Stimulates beta-2-adr...
NR601 Midterm Exam-Questions with Correct Answers/
Verified/ Latest Update 2024/2025
How is COPD diagnosed? - ✔✔Spirometry is gold standard (pre and post bronchodilator).
Irreversible airflow limitation is hallmark.
How is COPD treated? - ✔✔Bronchodilators: beta agonists (long/short), anticholinergics
(long/short), or combo.
What is the MOA of beta agonists? - ✔✔Stimulates beta-2-adrenergic receptors, increasing
cyclic AMP, resulting in relaxing airways.
What is the MOA of anticholinergics? - ✔✔Block the effect of acetylcholine on muscarinic
type 3 receptors, resulting in bronchodilation.
Why are long-acting beta agonists prescribed for COPD? - ✔✔They are for moderate airflow
limitation.
They relieve symptoms, increase exercise tolerance, reduce number of exacerbations,
improve QOL.
What are some non pulmonary diagnoses that result in COPD-type symptoms? - ✔✔CHF
Hyperventilation syndrome
Panic attacks
Vocal cord dysfunction
Obstructive sleep apnea
Aspergillosis
Chronic fatigue syndrome
What are signal symptoms of asthma? - ✔✔Wheezing
Shortness of breath
,Cough (esp at night)
Chest tightness
What is chronic bronchitis? - ✔✔Daily chronic cough w/increased sputum for at least 3
consecutive months in at least 2 consecutive years.
Usually worse on wakening.
May or may not be associated with COPD.
What is emphysema? - ✔✔Characterized by obstruction to airflow caused by abnormal
airspace enlargement distal to terminal bronchioles.
Chronic inflammation/remodeling, trapping air, hindering effective O2/CO2 exchange (all
due to inflammatory mediators infiltrating airways).
What are signal symptoms of ischemic heart dz? - ✔✔Chest pain
Chest tightness
Chest discomfort
What is ischemic heart dz? - ✔✔Imbalance between supply and demand for blood flow to
myocardium
What are signal symptoms of lung CA? - ✔✔Cough
Dyspnea
Wt loss
Anorexia
Hemoptysis
What is lung CA? - ✔✔Malignant neoplasm originating in parenchyma of lung/airways
,What are signal symptoms of MI? - ✔✔Prolonged CP (>20min duration)
SOB
Confusion
Weakness
Worsening HF
What is an MI? - ✔✔Necrosis of heart tissue caused by lack of blood and O2 supply to the
heart
What are signal symptoms of pneumonia? - ✔✔Fever
Chills
Hypothermia
New cough w/or w/out sputum
Chest discomfort or dyspnea
Fatigue
HA
Some older adults will be asymptomatic but may experience falls/confusion
What is community acquired pneumonia? - ✔✔Acute lower resp tract infection of lung
parenchyma.
Can be bacterial or viral.
Bacterial is most common in older adults.
What are signal symptoms of a PE? - ✔✔Dyspnea
CP on inspiration
Anxiety
Presentation is variable
, Symptoms nonspecific
Some asymptomatic
What is PE description? - ✔✔Occlusion of one or more pulmonary vessels by traveling
thrombus originating from distant site.
What are signal symptoms of tuberculosis? - ✔✔Initially asymptomatic
Later: productive, prolonged cough
Fatigue
Low-grade fever
Night sweats
Poor appetite
Hemoptysis
Wt loss
Fever/sweats are less common in elderly
Symptoms in elderly are often attributed to other comorbidities
What is tuberculosis? - ✔✔Chronic, necrotizing infection caused by slow-growing acid-fast
bacillus (Mycobacterium tuberculosis).
Most common cause of death related to infectious dz worldwide.
What are signal symptoms of valvular heart dz? - ✔✔Asymptomatic in early stages
Fatigue
Exertional dyspnea
What is valvular heart dz? - ✔✔Damage to valve(s) of the heart, causing cardiac dysfunction.
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