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N 615 Advanced Practice Nursing Introduction to Roles and Issues question & answers.
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N 615 Advanced Practice NursingIntroduction to Roles and Issues
question & answers.
Virginia Henderson ANS - Often called "the Nightingale of Modern Nursing," Henderson was
a noted nursing educator and author. Her "Need Theory" was based in practice and her
education. She emphasized the importance of increasing a client's independence to
promote their continued healing progress after hospitalization. Her definition of nursing was
one of the first to mark the difference between nursing and medicine. "The unique function
of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities
contributing to health or its recovery (or to peaceful death) that he would perform unaided
if he had the necessary strength, will, or knowledge. And to do this in such a way as to help
him gain independence as rapidly as possible. She must in a sense, get inside the skin of
each of her patients in order to know what he needs.
Martha Rogers: ANS - Rogers' theory is known as that of the Unitary Human Beings. Nursing
seeks to promote symphonic interaction between the environment and the person, to
strengthen the coherence and integrity of the human beings, and to direct and redirect
patterns of interaction between the person and the environment for the realization of
maximum health potential. Her development of this abstract system was strongly influenced
by an early grounding in arts and background of science along with her keen interest in
space.
Dorothea E. Orem ANS - Known as the Self-Care Theory, Orem's vision of health is a state
characterized by wholeness of developed human structures and of bodily and mental
functioning. It includes physical, psychological, interpersonal and social aspects. Her major
assumptions included that people should be self-reliant and responsible for their own care
and the care of others in their family. She said that a person's knowledge of potential health
problems is necessary for promoting self-care behaviors. Orem defined nursing as an art, a
helping service and a technology.
Betty Neuman: ANS - The System Model, developed by Neuman, focuses on the response of
the client system to actual or potential environmental stressors and the use of several levels
of nursing prevention intervention for attaining, retaining and maintaining optimal client
system wellness. Neuman defines the concern of nursing is preventing stress invasion. If
stress is not prevented then the nurse should protect the client's basic structure and obtain
or maintain a maximum level of wellness. Nurses provide care through primary, secondary
and tertiary prevention modes.
Hildegard Peplau: ANS - Four phases define Peplau's Interpersonal Theory or nursing. She
defines the nurse/patient relationship evolving through orientation, identification,
, exploitation and resolution. She views nursing as a maturing force that is realized as the
personality develops through educational, therapeutic, and interpersonal processes. Nurses
enter into a personal relationship with an individual when a felt need is present. Peplau's
model is still very popular with clinicians working with individuals who have psychological
problems.
Madeleine Leininger: ANS - One of the newer nursing theories, Transcultural Nursing first
appeared in 1978. According to Leininger, the goal of nursing is to provide care congruent
with cultural values, beliefs, and practices. Leininger states that care is the essence of
nursing and the dominant, distinctive and unifying feature. She says there can be no cure
without caring, but that there may be caring with curing. Health care personnel should work
towards an understanding of care and the values, health beliefs, and life-styles of different
cultures, which will form the basis for providing culture-specific care.
Patricia Benner: ANS - From Novice to Expert is probably the simplest nursing theory to
understand. Benner describes five levels of nursing experience: novice, advanced beginner,
competent, proficient and expert. The levels reflect a movement from reliance on abstract
principles to the use of past concrete experience. She proposes that a nurse could gain
knowledge and skills without ever learning the theory. Each step builds on the previous one
as the learner gains clinical expertise. Simply put, Benner says experience is a prerequisite
for becoming an expert. Benner published her "Novice to Expert Theory"
in 1982.
What are the characteristics of effective leadership? ANS - An effective leader has a
distinctive set of personal qualities: integrity, courage, initiative and an ability to handle
stress. This individual is often admired in their efforts to think critically, set goals and
skillfully communicate and collaborate.
What are the characteristics of effective management? ANS - Leadership
This is one crucial attribute that so many managers actually lack these days. Most
companies will promote those employees that have great individual results. The problem is
that a really good salesperson will rarely be a really good manager. The true leader will
always be able to inspire trust, delegate responsibility and provide direction. We cannot
have a leader without the manager being able to perfectly perform these three tasks.
While leadership skills can be gained in time, the natively talented manager will actually be
able to gain all that he needs to be a true leader in a short period of time. That is something
that is a lot more important than what many believe at the moment. Every single successful
business manager out there is a leader that takes the team he manages and makes it work
better, faster and more effectively.
Communication
It is very important for the manager to have really strong communication skills. It is not
enough to show that you appreciate your employees. You need to properly highlight what
you want from them so that everything would go smooth. The effective manager has to be
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