BUAD 309 Chapter 6 | Answered with Rationales (Complete Solutions)

BUAD 309 Chapter 6 | Answered with Rationales (Complete Solutions) ________ is the process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment. A) Sensation B) Impression C) Apprehension D) Attribution E) Perception Perception is defined as a process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment. People's behavior is based on their perception of what reality is, and not on reality itself. What a person perceives can be substantially different from objective reality. Which of the following statements is true regarding perception? A) Perception of reality is independent of one's personality. B) Our perception of a target is not affected by the context of the situation in which the perception is made. C) Our perception of reality can be different from the objective reality. D) Our perception of reality is independent of our past experiences. E) We form a perception of a target by looking at it in isolation. Our perception of reality can be different from the objective reality. Our perception of reality is affected by our personality, past experiences, and the context of the situation in which the perception is made. We do not look at targets in isolation. When two people witness something at the same time and in the same situation yet interpret it differently, factors that operate to shape their perceptions reside in the ________. A) perceivers B) target C) timing D) context E) situation Since the time and situation are the same, the factors that operate to shape perception must be in the perceivers themselves. Personal characteristics that can affect perception include perceiver attitudes, personality, motives, interests, past experiences, and expectations. David Myers is of the opinion that people who drive SUVs are rash drivers. He feels that people driving SUVs do not respect road rules and always violate traffic regulations. What personal factor is most likely to be affecting Myers' perception of SUV drivers? A) his financial background B) his expectations C) his interest D) his motive E) his personality Myers expects all SUV drivers to be dangerous. His expectations are what color his perception. The example doesn't explain why he expects this, although it could be from a previous bad experience. Extremely attractive or unattractive individuals are most likely to be noticed in a group. Which of the following statements best describes the reason behind it? A) Our perception of reality depends on our past experiences. B) Our perception of reality depends on our personality. C) We don't look at targets in isolation. D) The time at which we see an object can influence our perception of the object. E) Our motives and expectations affect our perception of a target. Characteristics of the target we observe can affect what we perceive. Loud people are more likely to be noticed in a group than quiet ones. So, too, are extremely attractive or unattractive individuals. Because we don't look at targets in isolation, the relationship of a target to its background influences our perception of the target. During team meetings Amber Downing always notices that Rhona Law tends to ask innumerable questions and suggests ideas at each discussion. However, Law stands out in the meetings only because she is the only one making suggestions. If both of them were part of team meetings where almost all members made suggestions and asked questions, Law would not have drawn as much attention from Downing. Which of the following factors has most likely influenced Downing's perception of Law? A) expectation B) interest C) past experience D) context E) motive A number of factors operate to shape and sometimes distort perception. These factors can reside in the perceiver, in the object or target being perceived, or in the context of the situation in which the perception is made. Monica Walden feels that people who use plastic bags are insensitive toward the environment. She believes that people have a certain obligation toward their environment and should take it upon themselves to protect and preserve it. Which of the following factors has most likely influenced Walden's perception of people? A) location B) time C) characteristic of the target D) expectation E) context A number of factors operate to shape and sometimes distort perception. These factors can reside in the perceiver, in the object or target being perceived, or in the context of the situation in which the perception is made. Which of the following is a factor present in a target which may affect a person's perception? A) attitude B) motive C) interest D) novelty E) experience Factors present in a target which may affect perception are novelty, motion, sound, size, background, proximity, and similarity. Which of the following is a factor present in a situation which may affect a person's perception? A) similarity B) size C) expectation D) time E) experience Factors present in a situation which may affect perception are work setting, social setting, and time Which of the following is a factor present in a perceiver which may affect perception? A) interest B) similarity C) sound D) proximity E) background Factors present in a perceiver which may affect perception are attitudes, motives, interests, experience, expectations. Alicia Akers works as a marketing executive. She always talks in a high pitch and often draws a lot of attention wherever she is. Which of the following statements best explains the reason behind people noticing Akers? A) Perception of reality depends on the perceiver's past experiences. B) Perception of reality depends on the perceiver's personality. C) Characteristics of the target affect people's perception. D) The time at which we observe behavior affects perception. E) Motives and interests of the perceiver affects perception of behavior. Characteristics of the target we observe can affect perception. Loud people are more likely to be noticed in a group than quiet ones. Even extremely attractive or unattractive individuals are more likely to be noticed. Since people do not look at targets in isolation, the relationship of a target to its background influences one's perception of the target. ________ explains the ways in which we judge people differently, depending on the meaning we assign to a given behavior. A) Attribution theory B) Equity theory C) Object relations theory D) Attachment theory E) Cultural schema theory Attribution theory suggests that when we observe an individual's behavior, we attempt to determine whether it was internally or externally caused. Determination however, depends largely on three factors, namely, distinctiveness, consensus, and consistency. Attribution theory suggests that when we observe an individual's behavior, we attempt to determine whether it was internally or externally caused. That determination, however, depends largely on three factors. Which of the following is one of these three factors? A) traceability B) consistency C) verifiability D) relatedness E) affect intensity Attribution theory suggests that when we observe an individual's behavior, we attempt to determine whether it was internally or externally caused. Determination however, depends largely on three factors, namely, distinctiveness, consensus, and consistency. Which of the following is an example of internally caused behavior? A) An employee was late for a team meeting because of a heavy downpour. B) An employee was laid off because the company was attempting to cut costs by laying off employees. C) An employee was fired from work because he violated a company policy. D) An employee could not attend an interview because of a delayed flight. E) An employee could not come to work because he met with an accident. Internally caused behaviors are those we believe to be under the personal control of the individual. Which of the following is an example of externally caused behavior? A) An employee postpones a meeting because he overslept. B) An employee is late to work because of a punctured tire. C) An employee was fired because he violated a company policy. D) An employee was promoted when he achieved more than the assigned objectives. E) An employee closed a sale with an important corporate client because of his excellent negotiation skills. Externally caused behavior is what we imagine the situation forced the individual to do. For instance, if an employee is late for work, and you attribute his arriving late to an automobile accident or a flat tire, then you are making an external attribution. According to the attribution theory, ________ is one the three main factors which attempts to determine an individual's behavior. A) distinctiveness B) perverseness C) flexibleness D) resilience E) timorousness Attribution theory suggests that when we observe an individual's behavior, we attempt to determine whether it was internally or externally caused. Determination, however, depends largely on three factors, namely, distinctiveness, consensus, and consistency. When individuals observe another person's behavior, they attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused. Which of the following attempts to explain this phenomenon? A) pygmalion effect B) emotional dissonance C) attribution theory D) two-factor theory E) framing effect Attribution theory is an attempt to determine whether an individual's behavior is internally or externally caused. We judge people differently, depending on the meaning we attribute to a given behavior. Attribution theory suggests that when we observe an individual's behavior, we attempt to determine whether it was internally or externally caused. With reference to the attribution theory, which of the following terms indicates the extent to which an individual displays different behaviors in different situations? A) flexibility B) integrity C) consensus D) consistency E) distinctiveness Distinctiveness is one of three determining factors that contribute to attribution theory perceptions. Distinctiveness refers to whether an individual displays different behaviors in different situations. If a person responds to a particular situation in the same way over a long time period, then the attribution theory states that the behavior demonstrates ________. A) distinctiveness B) consensus C) consistency D) discontinuity E) traceability Consistency in a person's actions means that the person responds in the same way to the same situation over a long period of time. For instance, an employee who has not been late for several months is perceived differently from an employee who is late two or three times a week. The regularly late employee demonstrates high consistency in tardiness According to the attribution theory, if a behavior scores ________, we tend to attribute it to external causes. A) low on distinctiveness B) low on adaptability C) low on consistency D) high on stability E) low on consensus Consistency indicates if the person responds the same way over time. The less consistent the behavior, the more we are inclined to attribute it to external causes. Janice Yoder works in an environmental campaigning organization and often needs to interact with a large team for project implementation activities. However, she always finds it difficult to work as a part of a team. She always seems to have major disagreements with team members which lead to antagonistic relations between them. Though she has moved from one team to another, her relations with colleagues always seem to be hostile and cold. How would the attribution theory describe this behavior? A) low on consensus B) high on reliability C) high on adaptability D) high on consistency E) low on distinctiveness Consistency in a person's actions means that the person responds the same way over time to the same situation. Yoder in this situation has had hostile relationships with colleagues over a long period of time. Thus, her behavior shows consistency. According to the attribution theory, if everyone who faces a similar situation responds in the same way, we can say the behavior shows ________. A) distinctiveness B) tractability C) consensus D) consistency E) manageability If everyone who faces a similar situation responds in the same way, we can say the behavior shows consensus. Janice is late for work each day by about ten minutes. How would attribution theory describe this behavior? A) It shows consensus. B) It shows similarity. C) It shows consistency. D) It shows reliability. E) It shows distinctiveness. Consistency in a person's actions means that the person responds the same way over time to the same situation. An employee who hasn't been late for several months is perceived differently than an employee who is late two or three times a week. Janice demonstrates high consistency in tardiness. According to the attribution theory, which of the following behaviors is most likely to be attributed to an external cause? A) a behavior that scores high on consensus B) a behavior that scores low on distinctiveness C) a behavior that scores high on consistency D) a behavior that scores low on traceability E) a behavior that scores high on rigidity According to the attribution theory, if a behavior scores high on consensus, we tend to attribute it to external causes. Samantha is never late for work. But last Monday she arrived an hour late because of heavy traffic. According to the attribution theory, Samantha's behavior on that day scores ________. A) high on reliability B) low on distinctiveness C) high on traceability D) low on consistency E) high on stability If a person responds the same way over time then his or her behavior displays consistency. Since Samantha is generally in the office on time, her behavior scores low on consistency. Megan Cardova, who works as a sales executive at Orbit Bank, has been failing to meet her sales targets for the last 10 months. Recently, she had a face-to-face discussion with her manager where she said that the unrealistic targets were the reason for her underperformance. The manager, however, noticed that all the other team members were achieving their targets and sometimes were even achieving more than the set numbers. Which of the following is Cardova's behavior most likely to be characterized by according to the attribution theory? A) low distinctiveness B) high rigidity C) high traceability D) low consensus E) low consistency If everyone who faces a similar situation responds in the same way, we can say that the behavior shows consensus. According to the attribution theory, if a behavior scores ________, we tend to attribute it to internal causes. A) low on consistency B) high on rigidity C) low on distinctiveness D) high on consensus E) low on conformity Distinctiveness refers to whether an individual displays different behaviors in different situations. According to the attribution theory, if a behavior scores low on distinctiveness, we tend to attribute it to internal causes. Which of the following terms best describes the tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of others? A) fundamental attribution error B) bandwagon effect C) contrast effect D) emotional dissonance E) self-fulfilling prophecy The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of others is referred to as the fundamental attribution error Naomi Fisher, a sales manager at Pure, a water purifier company, had a new member, Leah Marshall join her team. Though during Leah's interview, Naomi felt she would be a productive sales executive, her performance has often been below the mark. Consistently in the past three months, Leah has been unable to reach her targets and is falling substantially behind on her annual targets. Naomi assumes that Leah is not determined and motivated enough to do what it takes. Which of the following, if true, weakens Naomi's assumption? A) Leah has often arrived late for team meetings conducted in the morning. B) Leah has been assigned a sales territory where consumers are from low income groups. C) Leah has good interpersonal skills and gets along well with her customers. D) Research showed that the company's largest competitor had a lower turnover than they did. E) Naomi recently received feedback from other team members that Leah is often uncooperative The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of others refers to the fundamental attribution error. If Leah is assigned a sales territory where consumers are from low income groups, this shows that she does not necessarily lack the ability to perform and that external constraints are the reason for her underperformance. It thus weakens Naomi's assumption. If Leah often arrives late for meetings, it strengthens Naomi's assumption because it indicates that Leah is not motivated. Good interpersonal skills do not necessarily mean that a person is motivated, and hence, this does not weaken Naomi's assumption. Research showing that the company's largest competitor had a lower turnover than them is irrelevant to the assumption. Johanna Murray, a climate campaigner at The National Footprint Foundation, is known in her organization to be a campaigner of caliber and high performance. She recently worked on a campaign against global warming during which she worked extremely hard to achieve project milestones. However, the campaign failed as it could not achieve the desired objective. Due to this, her manager, Brenda Owens gave her a poor performance appraisal. In the appraisal, Brenda said that Johanna was not motivated and failed to reach out to 25,000 people through Internet media to spread awareness about climate change. Which of the following, if true, weakens Brenda's statement? A) Johanna lacks experience in publicizing campaigns using Internet media. B) Brenda was unable to make time for Johanna to brief her on the tasks involved in carrying out the campaign's media strategy. C) Johanna recently moved from the agriculture campaign to the climate campaign. D) Johanna's previous job involved an extensive amount of researching on environmental issues. E) Brenda is known in the organization to be a fair and unbiased manager. Individuals and organizations tend to attribute their own successes to internal factors such as ability or effort, and place the blame for failure on external factors such as bad luck or unproductive co-workers. This is known as a self-serving bias. If Brenda was unable to make time for Johanna to brief her on the tasks involved in carrying out the campaign's media strategy, then this weakens the argument because it shows that it was not entirely Johanna's fault and that Brenda is partly to blame. If Johanna lacks experience in publicizing campaigns using Internet media, it strengthens Brenda's statement. The fact that Johanna recently moved from the agriculture campaign to the climate campaign and that Johanna's previous job involved an extensive amount of researching on environmental issues is irrelevant to Brenda's argument. Brenda's argument is strengthened if she is known to be a fair and unbiased manager because it indicates that her evaluation of Johanna is most likely true. Johanna Springer, who works as a sales executive at Pascal's Bank, is upset at the way her manager, Emma Womack, always calls her in for one-on-one meetings to discuss her underperformance. Though Springer makes a higher number of sales calls and works longer hours than last year, her sales figures are still low. She knows that the main reason behind her underperformance is the recent economic meltdown in the country. However, her manager feels that Springer's underperformance is the result of her laid back attitude and has nothing to do with external factors. In this situation, Womack's behavior is characterized by a(n)