CMB2004 Exam Questions And Answers
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What is the specific/adaptive immunity? - answerinduced by exposure to an infection, very
specific and has memory
Describe the receptors in the specific immune response - answerclonaly distributed, a large
repitoire at a low frequency
What is ...
What is the specific/adaptive immunity? - answer✔✔induced by exposure to an infection, very
specific and has memory
Describe the receptors in the specific immune response - answer✔✔clonaly distributed, a large
repitoire at a low frequency
What is clonal selection? - answer✔✔during development, cells recognising self material are
destroyed leaving only those recognising non-self
Whats the role of clonal selection? - answer✔✔reduces the repertoire leaving a pool of mature
naive lymphocytes which can proliferate and differentiate on activation to form effector cells
What are TCRs? - answer✔✔T cell receptors, expressed by T cells and are always membrane
bound
What do TCRs recognise? - answer✔✔processed peptides on MHC on APC
What is this? - answer✔✔TCR complex
What are the four domains of a TCR? - answer✔✔heterodimer of alpha and beta
What can the four domains of a TCR sometimes be? - answer✔✔gamma and delta
Whats CDR? - answer✔✔complementary determining region
How many CDRs does a TCR have? - answer✔✔each chain has 3 so 6 in total
Whats an MHC? - answer✔✔essential for the acquired immune system to recognize foreign
molecules
What does MHC stand for? - answer✔✔major histocompatibility complex
Whats different between MHCI and MHCII - answer✔✔different structures and expression
patterns presenting peptides from different sources
How was MHC first discovered? - answer✔✔in transplant rejection
Which cells are MHCI present on? - answer✔✔all nucleated cells
What domains is the MHCI made of? - answer✔✔alpha 1 2 3 and beta2 microglobulin
In MHCI, which domains are Ig-like? - answer✔✔alpha 3 and beta2 micro globulin
In MHCI, which domains are polymorphic/peptide binding? - answer✔✔alpha 1 and 2
What does MHCI bind with? - answer✔✔CD8+ cells
Which cells are MHCII present on? - answer✔✔APC/cytokine active cells
What are the types of MHCII? - answer✔✔HLA-DQ/DR/DP
What domains is the MHCII made of? - answer✔✔alpha 1/2 and beta 1/2
In MHCII, which domains are Ig-like? - answer✔✔beta 2 and alpha 2
In MHCII, which domains are polymorphic/peptide binding? - answer✔✔beta 1 and alpha 1
What does MHCII bind with? - answer✔✔CD4+ cells
What are antibodies? - answer✔✔Y-shaped proteins that are produced by B-lymphocytes
What is a BCR? - answer✔✔B cell receptor expressed by B cells and are the membrane bound
form of antibodies
What do BCR bind? - answer✔✔free antigen
What happens when free antigen binds to a BCR? - answer✔✔causes the BCR to be secreted
Whats different between the secreted form of BCR and the membrane bound form? -
answer✔✔secreted form has an alternative hydrophilic C terminus
Whats a role of antibodies? - answer✔✔opsonisation to increase phagocytosis
Whats a role of antibodies? - answer✔✔classical complement pathway
Whats a role of antibodies? - answer✔✔activation of effector cells
Whats the structure of an antibody? - answer✔✔there are 2 heavy and 2 light chains in a Y shape
In an antibody, how are the heavy and light chains held together? - answer✔✔by covalent and
non covalent bonds
In an antibody, what are the two types of light chains? - answer✔✔lambda and kappa
In an antibody, what regions form the antigen binding site? - answer✔✔variable heavy and
variable light regions
In an antibody, what is the antigen binding site? - answer✔✔hypervariable
In an antibody, how is the antigen binding site hypervariable? - answer✔✔has 6 loops or CDR
What are antigen's interactions with the Ag binding sites of antibodies? - answer✔✔can be linear
or discontinuous
In an antibody, what does the constant heavy domain do? - answer✔✔interacts with FcR and
allows for the effector response
What are the 5 isotypes of antibodies? - answer✔✔IgM/D/G/E/A
How are the different isotopes of antibodies determined? - answer✔✔different heavy chain
constant regions
What is the first class of antibody expressed and why? - answer✔✔IgM as cMU is closest to the
VDJ genes
Why can IgM and IgD be co-expressed? - answer✔✔because cDelta is closest to cMu
How are IgM and IgD co-expressed? - answer✔✔by RNA processing
What does class switching need? - answer✔✔AID to do recombination guided by switch regions
In an antibody, what are the shapes of the domains? - answer✔✔barrel
In an antibody, what are associated with the domains? - answer✔✔carbohydrate domains
Where are gene segments of TCRs rearranged? - answer✔✔in thymus during development
What mechanisms of variability are used in TCR gene segment rearrangements? - answer✔✔1)
combinatorial diversity
2) junctional diversity
How can MHC molecules be induced/upregulated? - answer✔✔interferon
How many different class I molecules can an individual express? - answer✔✔up to 6 as there are
3 locis (ABC) and can be heterozygous
What contributes to the polymorphism of MHC? - answer✔✔each individual makes slightly
different MHC allowing for huge variation and presentation of many peptides
Which chromosome are the MHC genes located on? - answer✔✔chromosome 6
Whats the potential negatives to MHC molecules huge variety? - answer✔✔increased risk of
autoimmune diseases and issues with organ transplants
What type of antigen does MHCI present? - answer✔✔endogenous
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