NUR 252- Exam 4- Psychobiology Review Questions and Correct Answers
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Course
NUR 252
Institution
NUR 252
Anxiety definition sense of dread without any apparent stimulus, leads to negative coping mechanisms
Avoidance (in anxiety) social interactions, relationships, opportunities for growth
Somatic responses (in anxiety) palpitations, sweating, rapid breathing
Potential causes of anxiety traumatic ev...
NUR 252- Exam 4-
Psychobiology Review Questions and
Correct Answers
Anxiety definition ✅sense of dread without any apparent stimulus, leads to negative
coping mechanisms
Avoidance (in anxiety) ✅social interactions, relationships, opportunities for growth
Somatic responses (in anxiety) ✅palpitations, sweating, rapid breathing
Potential causes of anxiety ✅traumatic events and stress
Genetic influences
What neurotransmitters are impacted to cause anxiety? ✅decreased GABA receptors
in amygdala and hippocampus (may be decrease in serotonin as well)
Anxiety mechanism ✅1) stress
2) norepinephrine inappropriately activates the NE system in locus coeruleus and an
imbalance between NE and other neurotransmitter systems (dopamine, glutamate,
cortisol releasing hormone)
Consolidation (anxiety) ✅occurs in amygdala, memories of fearful stimuli are stored
Re-consolidation (anxiety) ✅process by which an older memory is activated and
reinforced. When cues recall a fear memory, it becomes part of new experience, part of
long-term
Caudate nucleus (anxiety) ✅drives behavior based on recall of past successful
outcomes; if this area does not function well, recall is impaired and only negative
aspects are focused on
Amygdala (anxiety) ✅hyperactive or hyerresponsive in anxiety
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) ✅recurring unwanted thoughts, ideas, or
sensations (obsessions) that make them feel driven to do something repititively
(compulsions)
Neurotransmitters involved in OCD ✅reduction in serotonin, increased cortisol levels;
increased frontal lobe activity (guilt, intense affect, worry) and basal ganglia
abnormalities
, PET scans in OCD ✅higher metabolic rates in prefrontal cortex, leading to overactive
circuits
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) ✅state of excessive worrying that interferes with
daily function
What parts of the brain and neurotransmitters are involved in generalized anxiety
disorder (GAD)? ✅limbic system and midbrain involved; increased levels of
norepinephrine, decreased levels of GABA
Free floating anxiety (GAD) ✅involves typical cognitive symptoms of anxiety; anxiety
and worry are out of proportion to feared event; individual knows degree of anxiety is
abnormal which just increases it more
What behaviors are common in free floating anxiety (GAD)? ✅avoidance behaviors;
can evolve into OCD or phobic disorders
Cognitive symptoms of free-floating anxiety (GAD) ✅having trouble with memory,
concentration, and focus
PTSD and suicide ✅hyperresponsiveness of the amygdala occurs, contributing to
suicidal thoughts
PTSD mechanism ✅consolidation and re-consolidation heavily impacts:
1) initial traumatic event
2) beyond the "realm of normal human experience"
3) symptoms involves memory (flashbacks, intrusive thoughts, impaired memory),
cognition (difficulty concentrating), sleep disturbances, somatic problems
Panic disorder ✅sudden episodes of intense fear results in increased sympathetic
function; palpitations, sweating, feelings of unreality, avoidance of situation
What is considered a "fear-center" anxiety disorder? ✅panic disorder, episodes may
occur following a situation mind associates with negative consequences
Neurotransmitters involved in panic disorder ✅increase in circulating norepinephrine,
due to fight or flight response, decrease in GABA, increased glutamate
Trigger for panic disorder ✅caffeine
What kind of episodes are present in panic disorders? ✅discrete episodes which occur
without warning
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