1-AIRWAY: Correct Answer An airway is needed for all
unconscious pts, in the ER best method is Orotrachial intubation
and in the field its needle cricothyroidectomy. For consciouns pt
the best airway is chin lift with face mask. \n\n
2-BREATHING: Correct Answer Cervical spine injury should be
analyzed but the first step is to establish ABC. \n\n
3-CIRCULATION: Correct Answer It needs control of bleeding
and restoring the BP. In most
external injuries pressure is enough to stop bleeding but in case
of scalp laceration
suturing is needed. Also all pts with hypotension should receive
rapid infusion of
isotonic fluid like ringer lactate to prevent life threatening
hypotension. If IV line is
not good for adults do saphaneous vein cut down and for children
intraosseous
membrane cannulation.\n\n
Absence seizures - 3 Correct Answer Ethosuximide is tx. Now
remmeber that Phenytoin and Carbamazapine are first line drug
used for primary generalized tonic clonic sezure or partial
,seizures, both work by blocking Na channels voltage dependent,
Phenytoin is a second drug line for myoclonic and tonic clonic
seizure, its available in both IV and oral forms. \n\n
Phenytoin SE Correct Answer is gingivial hypertrophy,
lymphadenopathy, hirsutism and rash, Both Phenytoina &
Carbamazepine can cause Steven Johnson synd and Toxic
Epidermal
Necrolysis.\n\n
*****Absence siezures Tx Correct Answer is Ethusuxamide or
VALPROATE. Classic EEG is symetric
3mhtz spike and wave .\n\n
Acarbose SE Correct Answer It blocks carbohydrate break down
in the intestinal tract. The most significant SE is
GI disturbance due to increased undifested CHO in the stool.\n\n
*****Cough is caused Correct Answer by accumulation of Kinins
possibly by activation of arachadonic acid pathway.
Kinins are degraded by ACE, when there is no ACE they
increase. \n\n
*****Angioedema Correct Answer that is seen in ER. Pt presents
with non-inflamatory subcutaneous edema and
laryngeal edema due to bradykinin stimulation.\n\n
Acetaminophen toxicity - 2 Correct Answer Acute alcoholic
intake can reduce the risk of hepatic injury by Acetaminophen
,because it competes with CYP2E1, so there is less production of
toxic metabolites.\n\n
****Chronic alcohol intake Correct Answer increases risk of
hepatic injury by stimulating P450 system
and decreasing the amount of Glutathione (used for metabolism
of acetaminophen).\n\n
***Management process Correct Answer 1-4-hr post ingestion
AA levels are determined to decide
whether the pt will benefit from NAC or not. 2-On the other hand if
the pt has
ingested >7.5 gr AA and levels will not be available w/i 8 hours of
ingestion, he
should be given the antidote.\n\n
Acetazolamide Toxicity Correct Answer Causes normal anion
gap metabolic accidosis due to renal loss of bicarbonate. Anion
Gap is 140-(114+116)=10 which is normal anionic gap metabolic
acidosis.\n\n
Achalasia - 3 Correct Answer Dx 1-Barium studies, 2-
Esopgaguscopy 3-Manometry. ** the CONFIRMATION
test is Manometry. We also need to do Endoscopy to rule out
malignancy.\n\n
ACL Injury Correct Answer It prevents gliding of tibia under
femur. Injury is seen after Hyperextension. A
poping sensation is felt at time of injury. Commonly asso with
Medial Meniscus and
Medial Colateral Ligament (TRIAD). \n\n
****Lachman test is a test for ACL tear. Flex and
pull tibia.\n\n Correct Answer flex and pull tibia
, **** Drawer sign Correct Answer also test ACL but its less
sensitive. \n\n
**** Mc murry's sign Correct Answer tests Meniscus injury. \n\n
**** Valgus test Correct Answer is for MCL.\n\n
Acne - 2 Correct Answer 1-Comedons (black/white heads):
cuase minimal inflamation and tx is topical
retinoids. If reactivation occur add topical Erythromycin or Benzoyl
peroxide. 2-
Papular and inflamatory acne: with moderate-severe inflamation:
Oral
Doxycycline. 3-Nodular or scaring acne: Oral Isotretinoin.\n\n
Actinomycosis Correct Answer Cervicofacial actinomycosis
presents as slowly progressing , non tender, indurated
mass, which evolves into multiple abscesses, fistula, and draining
sinus tracts with
sulfur granules, which appear yellow. \n\n
**** Causitive Agent Correct Answer Actinomyces israelii , Tx is
high
dose IV peniciline for 6-12 weeks. Surgical debrement comes
after penicillin
therapy.\n\n
Acute adrenal insufficiency Correct Answer Acute onset of
naseau, vomiting, abdominal pain and hypoglycemia and
hypotension after a stressful event (surgery) in a pt sho is steroid
dependant is
typical. \n\n
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller mnyawira477. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $30.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
