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Neuroscience-neurons and glial cells STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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Neuroscience-neurons and glial cells STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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Neuroscience-neurons and glial cellsSTUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
Nervous tissue - ansThere are 2 types of nervous tissue: neurons and neuroglia.
Neurons - ansthe basic unit for communication in nearly all nervous systems. ___________
actually transmit impulses.
Glia - ansWas introduced by Rudolf Virchow to describe a second cell type whose function was
to bind the nerve cells together in the brain.
Neuralgia - ansProvide physical support for the neural tissue, control tissue fluids around the
neurons, and help defend the neurons from invading organisms and xenobiotics.
Glia - ans-Most numerous cells in the brain about 10 times more in number that neurons or
about 90% of the brain's cells
-Make up more than half the volume of the vertebrate nervous system
-A variety of cells that metabolically assist,structurally support, and protect the neurons
-Play an active role in synaptic signaling
Formation of Neurons and Glia - ans1. Endoderm, innermost layer, will form linings of organs
(and other anatomy)
2. Mesoderm, middle layer, will form connective tissues (and other anatomy)
3. Ectoderm, outermost layer, will form the nervous system (and other anatomy)
Ectoderm layer - ansThe origin of the nervous system that begins from a single layer of cells.
Radial Glia - ansRadiate outward like spokes on a bicycle wheel. These glial cells act as guide
wires for newly formed neurons to follow.
Astrocytes - ansStar shaped glial cells that perform a variety of functions in the CNS. Help to
maintain appropriate chemical environment for nerve impulse transmission.
Oligodendrocytes - ansProduce myelin, a lipid and protein sheath that wraps around neuron's
axon to increase speed of nerve conduction.
, Microglia - ansThe smallest of the glial calls. The primary function is to protect the CNS by
engulfing microbes and other debris (phagocytosis). They protect the brain from invading
microorganism stand are thought to be similar in nature to microphages in the blood system.
Ependyma - ansLines the ventricular system, the cerebral aqueduct and the central canal of the
spinal cord. I.e helps circulate the cerebrospinal fluid by the beating of the cilia.
Schwann cells - ansSimilar to Oligodendrocytes but are only found in the Peripheral Nervous
System (PNS) and only one __________ per segment of myelin on a single axon. Aid in
cleaning up PNS debris and guide regrowth of PNS axons.
Satellite cells - ansFound in nerve ganglia (e.g., the dorsal root ganglia) supporting neuronal
cell bodies.
How many neurons and glia are there and what is their distribution within the brain? -
ANS-85 billion neurons, 85 billion glial cells
-more neurons in the cerebrum and more glia in the cerebellum
What is needed to study the brain? - ANS-fix brain with formaldehyde
-microtomes needed (small slices of brain)
-must be stained to see (brain is originally cream colored
Nissl (1894) - ANS-stain labeled nuclei in all cells but also the RER of the neurons
-more RER in neurons than glia
Golgi Stain - ANS-stains all of the neuron but not all neurons are stained
-can see the cell body, axons and dendrites
-neurons have one axon and many dendrites
Cell theory (1839) - ANSSchwann proposes all tissues are made up of cells
Reticular theory - ANS-nerve net where neurites are fused together
-says nervous system is an exception to the cell theory
-golgi supported this (WRONG)
Cajal - ANS-thought neurites were not continuous, but made of individual cells that
communicate by contact (mostly correct)
Neuron Doctrine - ANSCell theory applies to the nervous system (1950s)
Neuron Structure (general) - ANS-same organelles with differences in amounts of
each
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