only works one way (irreversible) - applying algorithm to message, message hash/digest is
created. If same hashing algorithm is applied to message digest, it will not result in the
original message.
1) Creates a fixed-length output usually smaller than original message
2) Used to verify the integrity of the message (not security)
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, Hashing
designed to improve speed of retrieving most common or recently visited web pages
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Web Cache server
intended for power failures that last for longer periods - normally coupled with other devices
such as uninterruptible power Supply (UPS) to compensate for power loss until alternate
power supply becomes available
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Alternative Power Supplies
penetration testers provided with info related to target and network design and target's IT
team is aware of testing
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Targeted Testing
,good antivirus software, but need to be updated periodically to remain effective
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Vaccines
timing of two events and an action that causes one event to happen later than expected
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Race Condition exploit
utilizes a simple transmission model without implicit handshaking routes for providing
reliability, ordering, or data integrity - provides unreliable service and datagrams may arrive
out of order, appear duplicated, or get dropped
1) Assumes error checking and correction either not necessary or performed in app, avoiding
overhead of such processing in network level
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User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
reconnaissance technique that gathers info about target before the attack - used to
determine address
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Port Scanning
protocol used to establish a secure, encrypted, command-line shell session, typically used
for remote logon
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Secure Shell (SSH)
(ensures integrity) configuring it to the most secure manner (installing latest security patches,
defining access controls, authorization for users and admins, disabling insecure options and
uninstalling unused services) to prevent nonprivileged users from gaining right to execute
privileged instructions to risk integrity of OS
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Hardening
encryption key is changed frequently, reducing risk of key being compromised and message
being decrypted
vi. Static Keys: using same key for long time - risk of compromise
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Dynamic Keys
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