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IB ESS: Final Exam- 138 Questions and Answers
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IB ESS: Final Exam- 138 Questions andAnswers
Ecocentric - -pure ecology & nature is central to humanity and emphasizes a
less materialist approach to life with greater self-sufficiency of societies
-Technocentric - -believes that technological development can provide
solutions to environmental problems
-Anthropocentric - -believes humans must sustainably manage the global
system
-Environmental Manager - -believe governments need to legislate to protect
environment and resources from overexploitation and make sustainable
economics - humans have ethical duty to protect & nurture Earth
-Cornucopian - -through technology & inventiveness, humans can solve any
environmental problem & improve living standards - little government
intervention
-Biocentric - -all life has inherent value - no harm to individual species
-Deep Ecologist - -put more value on nature than humanity - believe in
biorights; no human intervention in nature
-System / Systems Diagram - -set of components that function together &
form integrated units
-Open System - -exchanges matter & energy with its surroundings
-Closed System - -exchanges energy with its surroundings
-Isolated System - -exchanges no energy or matter with its surroundings
-Transfer - -a change in location
-Transformation - -a change in chemical nature, state, or energy
-Matter - -gas, liquid, solid
-Atoms - -makes up matter
-1st Law of Thermodynamics / Principle of Conservation of Energy - -energy
is neither created nor destroyed
, -2nd Law of Thermodynamics - -the entropy of an isolated system not in
equilibrium will increase over time
-Entropy - -the measure of the disorder of a system - refers to spreading out
or dispersal of energy
-Enthalpy - -equivalent to total heat content of a system
-Equilibrium: Steady State, Static, Unstable/stable - -the tendency to return
to its original state
-the system is constant with continuous inputs & outputs
-no change over time
-unstable: returns to new equilibrium; stable: returns to same
-Efficiency (Energy) - -useful energy, work or output produced by a process
divided by the amount of energy consumed, bring the input to the process
-Negative Feedback - -damp down, neutralize, or counteract any deviation
from an equilibrium; stablizies systems in steady-state
-Positive Feedback - -further increases or decreases in output that enhances
the change in the system
-System Resilience - -how a system responds to a disturbance
-more resilient: more distrubance dealt with
-Tipping Point - -reached when ecosystem experiences a shift to a new
state in which there are significant changes to its biodiversity & services it
provides
-Ecological Overshoot - -surpassing the sustainable level of resources
exploitation
-Sustainable Development - -development that meets the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their
own needs
-Natural Capita - -goods & services the environment provides humans with
in order to provide natural income
-Natural Income - -natural resources that can be sold for profit
-Abiotic vs. Biotic - -Abiotic: non-living physical factors influencing
organisms & the ecosystem
Biotic: living organisms
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