Comprehensive IGCSE Study Notes for Mathematics, Chemistry, Physics, and Economics
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Course
IGCSE Chemistry
Institution
In-Depth IGCSE Study Notes
These comprehensive study notes are created to help you excel in your IGCSE exams. They cover key subjects including Mathematics, Chemistry, Physics, Economics, and more. Here’s what you’ll find in these notes:
Detailed Summaries: Each topic is explained clearly...
Acids, Bases, and Salts: A Comprehensive Guide
1. Understanding Acids and Bases
● Acid: A substance that donates hydrogen ions (H⁺) in water solution.
○ Example: Hydrochloric acid (HCl) dissociates in water to form H⁺ and Cl⁻
ions.
● Base: A substance that accepts hydrogen ions (H⁺) and produces hydroxide ions
(OH⁻) in water solution.
○ Example: Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) dissociates in water to form Na⁺ and
OH⁻ ions.
● Alkali: A base that is soluble in water. All alkalis are bases, but not all bases are
alkalis (e.g., ammonia dissolves but doesn't dissociate much in water).
2. Properties of Acids and Bases
Feature Acid Base (Alkali)
pH Less than 7 Greater than 7
Taste Sour Bitter and
Slippery
Litmus Paper Turns blue litmus red Turns red
litmus blue
Examples HCl, H₂SO₄, HNO₃ NaOH, KOH,
NH₃
Visual Aid: Include a chart or table summarizing these properties.
3. Neutralization Reactions
● Neutralization: The reaction between an acid and a base to form salt and water.
● General Equation: Acid + Base → Salt + Water
Example: HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H₂O
Visual Aid: Show a balanced chemical equation for a neutralization reaction.
Visual Aid: Include tables or illustrations of common acids, bases, and salts.
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