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Biol 105 DNA and it's role in Heredity Notes $9.99
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Biol 105 DNA and it's role in Heredity Notes

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This is a comprehensive and detailed note on Chapter 13; DNA and it's role in Heredity for Biol 105. *Essential Study material!! *For you, at a price that's worth it!!

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  • September 7, 2024
  • 16
  • 2021/2022
  • Class notes
  • Prof. karl fath
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Ch 13 DNA and its Role in Heredity
transformation
transfection – the insertion of recombinant DNA into animal cells
transgenic organism – an organism engineered to contain, and usually express, a gene from
another organism
genetic marker – a DNA sequence such as a single nucleotide polymorphism whose presence is
correlated with the presence of other linked genes on that chromosome; in cloning, a gene of
identifiable phenotype that indicates the presence of another gene, DNA segment, or
chromosome fragment


antiparallel strands – molecular orientation in which a molecule / parts of a molecule have
opposing directions
complementary base pairing – AT / TA (AU in RNA), CG / GC pairing of bases in double-stranded
DNA, in transcription, and between tRNA and mRNA


5’ and 3’ end
- 5’ end – end of DNA or RNA strand that has a free phosphate group at the 5’ carbon of
the sugar (deoxyribose or ribose)
- 3’ end – end of a DNA or RNA strand that has a free hydroxyl group at the 3’ carbon of
the sugar (deoxyribose or ribose)


major / minor groove


models of DNA replication
- semiconservative replication – the way in which DNA is synthesized; each of the 2
partner strands in a double helix acts as a template for a new partner strand; after
replication, each double helix consists of 1 old and 1 new strand

,origin of replication (ori) – DNA sequence at which helicase unwinds the DNA double helix and
DNA polymerase binds to initiate DNA replication


replication fork – point at which a DNA molecule is replicating; the fork forms by the unwinding
of the parent molecule


template strand – molecule / surface on which another molecule is synthesized in
complementary fashion, as in the replication of DNA


DNA polymerase – any of a group of enzymes that catalyze the formation of DNA strands from a
nucleic acid template


primase – an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of an RNA primer for DNA replication


primer – strand of nucleic acid, usually RNA, that is the necessary starting material for the
synthesis of a new DNA strand, which is synthesized from the 3’ end of the primer


DNA helicase – enzyme that unwinds the double helix


leading strand – in a DNA replication fork, the daughter strand that is synthesized continuously
at its 3’ end


lagging strand – in a DNA replication fork, the daughter strand that is synthesized in
discontinuous stretches; exposed 3’ end gets farther away from fork, creating gap; requires
Okazaki fragments


Okazaki fragments – newly formed DNA making up the lagging strand in DNA replication; after
primer removal, DNA ligase links these fragments together to make a continuous strand

, DNA ligase – enzyme that seals breaks in DNA strands during replication and recombination


processive – referring to an enzyme that catalyzes many reactions each time it binds to a
substrate, as DNA polymerase does during DNA replication


telomeres – repeated DNA sequences at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes


telomerase – an RNA dependent DNA polymerase that catalyzes the addition of telomeric
sequences lost from chromosomes during DNA replication


proofreading – during DNA replication, a mechanism that excises a base that is incorrectly
inserted across from the template and inserts the correct base


DNA repair mechanisms
- mismatch repair – mechanism that scans DNA after it has been replicated and corrects
any base-pairing mismatches
- excision repair – DNA repair mechanism that removes damaged DNA and replaces it
with the appropriate nucleotides


polymerase chain reaction (PCR) – enzymatic technique for the rapid production of millions of
copies of a particular stretch of DNA where only a small amount of the parent molecule is
available


Circumstantial evidence indicates that genetic material is DNA
- new dye that could bind specifically to DNA
- confirmed to be an important component of nucleus and chromosomes
- present in the right amounts; twice that in reproductive cells
- DNA varied among species
DNA from one type of bacterium genetically transforms another type

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