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PHGY 209 Blood Exam With Complete Solution
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PHGY 209 Blood Exam WithComplete Solution
What are (3) blood functions? (essential role in maintaining homeostasis) - Answer 1.
TRANSPORT
(Nutritive, Respiratory, Excretory, Hormone Transport, Temperature regulation)
2. ACID-BASE BALANCE
(Normal pH range 7.30-7.45)
3. PROTECTION
(Some blood cells, and some blood proteins)
What (3) is the composition of centrifuged blood? - Answer -Plasma (55%)
-''Buffy layer'' (WBCs & Platelets)
-RBCs (45%)
Define (3) blood characteristics - Answer --> It comprises both ECF (plasma) and ICF
(inside blood cells)
--> May be studied in vivo (in intact individual) and in vitro (in petri dish, test tube, glass)
--> Accounts for ~7% of body mass, so ~5 L /70 kg
Define:
a) Normovolemia
b) HypOvolemia
c) HypERvolemia - Answer a) Normal blood volume
b) LOwer blood volume
c) HighER blood volume
a) Define Hematocrit (Ht).
b) How do you calculate it?
c) What is the normal value? - Answer a) % of blood volume occupied by RBCs
,b) Ht = (Height of RBC column / Height of whole blood column) * 100%
--> Normal value (for 70 kg male): ~45%
a) Normal value for total blood volume?
b) How do you calculate total blood volume occupied by RBCs?
c) How do you calculate total blood volume occupied by Plasma? - Answer a) For a 70 kg
male, blood volume = ~7-8% of body weight, so about ~5-5.5 L
b) If Ht is 45%, then 5 L * 0.45 = ~2.25 L, which is the volume occupied by RBCs.
c) If Ht is 45%, then plasma is 55% and 5 L * 0.55 = ~2.75 L, which is the volume occupied
by plasma.
What (5) is the composition of plasma? (similar to that of ISF) - Answer 1. >90% WATER
2. IONS
(Na+, K+, Ca++, Mg++, Cl-, HCO3-, (PO4--))
Plasma composition may be approximated by physiological saline: 0.9 g/dL NaCl.
3. NUTRIENTS
(Glucose, a.a., lipids (e.g., cholesterol, phospholipids, triglycerides), wastes (e.g., urea,
lactic acid).
Note: nutrients are present in small concentrations for rapid & constant exchange
4. RESPIRATORY GASES
(O2, CO2)
5. PROTEINS (colloids) = 7g% = 7g/dL
(Albumin = 60%
Globulin = 35%
Fibrinogen = 5%)
The composition of plasma is similar to that of ISF, but how does it differentiate itself
from it? - Answer Plasma contains proteins
How (4) can you separate plasma proteins? - Answer 1. DIFFERENTIAL PRECIPITATION
BY SALTS
(ex: ammonium sulfate)
2. SEDIMENTATION IN ULTRACENTRIFUGE
,3. ELECTROPHORETIC MOBILITY
(Separation by taking advantage of the fact that proteins are made up of a.a., which
dissociates the acidic and/or at the basic end. In the pH of plasma, the proteins that
dissociate most easily exhibit a lot of - charges.)
4. IMMUNOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
a) Define electrophoresis
b) What influences it? - Answer a) Fractionation method based on the movement of
charged particles along a voltage gradient
b) Rate of migration is influenced by the NUMBER and DISTRIBUTION of charges and by
the MOLECULAR WEIGHT of each protein.
Each protein migrates at its own characteristic rate, depending on the factors named
above.
What is the method of electrophoresis? - Answer You take a strip of paper and you soak
it in a buffer the pH of plasma.
You then put a drop of plasma on it and then apply a current.
Note that the proteins will migrate towards the + electrode (anode)
What can an electrophoresis scan of PLASMA indicate? Which protein migrates the
fastest and is present in the largest quantities? - Answer --> Each peak represents the
amount of a particular protein that you're examining. The area under the peak is the
measure of concentration of that particular band
--> Albumin is present in the largest quantities and is the one that migrates the fastest
towards the anode.
a) What is the difference between serum and plasma?
b) So, what will be the difference between the electrophoretic pattern of plasma and
serum? - Answer a) Serum is plasma WITHOUT fibrinogen (fibrinogen is a clotting
protein, causes blood & plasma clotting)
b) The serum electrophoretic pattern will LACK a fibrinogen peak.
What characteristic of renal disease can be seen via a plasma electrophoretic pattern?
Why? - Answer A LOWER peak of albumin
Normally, the kidney is impermeable (doesn't allow proteins to be lost in the urine). But
kidney disease makes them much more permeable and some of the albumin will be lost
Why albumin? Because it's the smallest molecules; so it will be lost in the urine the
fastest.
, What characteristic of bacterial infection can be seen via a plasma electrophoretic
pattern? Why? - Answer A higher peak of gamma globulins
During a bacterial infection, antibodies are produced. Antibodies are part of the gamma
globulin fraction. Someone with an infection will show a higher than normal gamma
globulin fraction
What (2) are the origins of plasma proteins? - Answer LIVER secretes:
-Albumin
-Fibrinogen
-Alpha 1, alpha 2 and beta globulins
LYMPHOID TISSUE secretes:
-Gamma globulin (not produced in the liver because it includes the antibodies)
When the liver DISEASED... - Answer Most plasma protein levels are DEcreased!
What is the major role of plasma proteins? - Answer They determine the DISTRIBUTION
of fluid between the PLASMA and the ISF compartments by controlling
TRANSCAPILLARY DYNAMICS.
Describe the permeability for ions of barriers in body water compartments and major
subcompartments. - Answer Cell membrane - relatively IMpermeable to ions
Capillary wall - freely permeable to H2O and ions
In terms of ionic composition, ICF and ECF have DIFFERENT compositions, but their
osmolarity is the.... - Answer Same
From an IONIC point-of-view, ISF and plasma are... - Answer Identical
By what may the ECF be approximated ? - Answer Physiological saline
0.9% solution of NaCl = 300 mOsm = 6.7 atmospheres = ~5100 mm Hg
Know how to calculate the osmolarity of body fluids (ECF) - Answer --> 1 M solution of
NaCl = 58.5 g NaCl / L (23 (Na+) + 35.5 (Cl-))
--> 0.9 g% NaCl = 9 g/L NaCl
-->9/58.5 = ~0.15 M
--> But, NaCl dissociates into 2 ions. Therefore, osmolarity = 2 * Molarity
Or ~ 0.3 Osm = ~300 mOsm
For a NET FLOW of water between compartments, there has to be a... - Answer
Difference in osmotic pressure
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