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Biol 105 Circulatory System Notes

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This is a comprehensive and detailed note on Chapter 48; circulatory system for Biol 105. *Essential Study Material!! *For you, at a price that's worth it!!

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  • September 7, 2024
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  • 2021/2022
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Ch 48: Circulatory Systems

48.1 Circulatory Systems Serve Many Functions
 muscular pump – the heart
 fluid – blood
 series of conduits – blood vessels
 it transports heat, hormones, respiratory gases, blood cells, platelets,
immune system components, nutrients, and waste products around the body
 = cardiovascular system
 some very small animals don’t need circulatory systems; all cells are close to
the environment to allow exchange
 some larger aquatic organisms have branched gastrovascular systems that
bring external environment inside the animal (sponges)
 larger animals without a circulatory system tend by sedentary or sessile
 large active animals must have circulatory systems to deliver nutrients to all
cells and remove wastes
o cells exchange nutrients and wastes with the extracellular fluid
o a circulatory system has a muscular chamber or heart to move the
extracellular fluid around the body
 open circulatory system – fluid leaves the circulatory system and moves
between the cells
 closed circulatory system – fluid is contained in a continuous system of
vessels
o extracellular fluid in a closed system refers to the fluid in the
circulatory system (blood plasma) plus the fluid around cells
(interstitial fluid)
 open circulatory systems (arthropods, mollusks)
o a heart moves hemolymph through vessels to different regions
o fluid leaves vessels and filters through the tissues
o in arthropods, hemolymph returns to the heart through openings
(ostia) which have one-way valves
o mollusks have open vessels that collect the hemolymph

,  closed circulatory systems (vertebrates, annelids)
o blood is kept separate from the interstitial fluid, pumped through the
vascular system by one or more hearts
o cellular and macromolecular components of the blood never leave the
vessel
 advantages of closed systems:
o faster transport of material through vessels
o blood can be directed to specific tissues by varying resistance
(diameter of blood vessel)
o specialized carriers can travel in the vessels and transport hormones or
nutrients to specific sites

48.2 Vertebrate Circulatory Systems Evolved from Single to Double
Circuits
 vertebrates circulatory systems:
o heart with multiple chambers and one-way valves to prevent backflow
o blood flows into arteries that branch into arterioles that feed into
capillaries – tiny, thin-walled vessels where materials are exchanged
between blood and interstitial fluid
o capillary beds are drained by venules, which join to form veins that
return blood to the heart




 in fish, the heart pumps blood to the gills and then the rest of the body in a
single circuit
 in birds and mammals, blood is pumped from heart to lungs and back in a
pulmonary circuit, and from the heart to the rest of the body in a systemic
circuit
 fish circulatory system:
o heart has 4 chambers connected in series
o arterial blood leaves bulbus arteriosus and moves through gills, then to
the aorta and on to body tissues
o unidirectional flow of blood is enabled by one-way valves between the
heart chambers
 lungfish show the transition from breathing water to breathing air
o an outpocketing of the gut forms a lung

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