NUR 376 Patho Exam 2/ 170 Qs & Correct Ans/ . Terms like:
Ventilation - Answer: Process of inspiration and expiration through pulmonary airways.
Perfusion - Answer: Movement of blood through pulmonary circulation, providing oxygen to the body
Ventilation-perfusion ratio (V-Q ratio) - Answ...
NUR 376 Patho Exam 2/ 170 Qs &
Correct Ans/ 2024-2025.
Ventilation - Answer: Process of inspiration and expiration through pulmonary
airways.
Perfusion - Answer: Movement of blood through pulmonary circulation, providing
oxygen to the body
Ventilation-perfusion ratio (V-Q ratio) - Answer: Ratio of air reaching alveoli to
amount of blood reaching alveoli. Ideal is equal.
-Shunt: area with no ventilation
-Dead space: no perfusion
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,Oxygenation - Answer: Gas exchange of carbon dioxide for oxygen takes place in
the alveoli to oxygenate the blood
what is oxyhemoglobin - Answer: hemoglobin bound to oxygen. (each hemoglobin
molecule can carry 4 oxygen molecules)
What is Erthyropoietin (EPO)? Explain its role in gas exchange: - Answer: hormone
released by kidneys to stimulate erythropoiesis (RBC production)
-any condition that causes hypoxia will stimulate secretion of erythropoietin
-erythropoietin then stimulates the bone marrow to produce more RBCs
-hemoglobin w/n the RBCs bind to oxygen
-which then delivers more oxygen the tissues
Summarize the role of RBCs, HGB, and kidneys and their effect in gas exchange? -
Answer: -RBCs transport oxygen from the lungs to body tissues and carbon
dioxide from tissues back to the lungs
-hemoglobin is the molecule responsible for binding and releasing oxygen and
carbon dioxide.
-The kidneys indirectly contribute to gas exchange by regulating erythropoiesis
and acid-base balance to ensure an adequate oxygen supply and pH balance in
the blood.
What is ventilation-perfusion imbalance? - Answer: -Air cannot flow into an
alveolus
-Blood flow around an alveolus is altered
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,-Most common etiology (cause) is blood clot in the lung also known as pulmonary
embolus.
Hypoxia stimulates pulmonary arterial:
a)vasoconstriction
b)vasodilation - Answer: a)vasoconstriction
Patients with chronic hypoxia can develop chronic pulmonary vasoconstriction,
which can result in pulmonary hypertension.
What role does hypercapnia and chemoreceptors play in gas exchange? - Answer:
-Central chemoreceptors located in the medulla sense changes in carbon dioxide
and blood pH
-An increase in CO2 (hypercapnia) or a decrease in pH (acidosis) stimulates the
central chemoreceptors, resulting in an increased rate of respirations
what is chronic hypercapnia? - Answer: High level of CO2 in the body or
bloodstream. Lungs can't fully expel CO2. A common finding in patients with
progressive hypoxic lung disease
Ideal PCO2: 35mmHg - 45mmHg.
D/t bradypnea. Signals brain's respiratory center (in medulla) to increase
breathing rate
Causes: asphyxiation, aspiration, asthma, COPD, pneumonia, pulmonary edema,
thoracic muscle paralysis, opiate toxicity
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, Symptoms: headache, drowsiness, intellectual impairment, disorientation ->
stupor and coma
** Distinct change in stimulus to breathe. Shifts from CO2 accumulation to
hypoxia as stimulus.*
what is chronic hypoxia? - Answer: Chronic lack of oxygen from respiratory
dysfunction. AKA Hypoxemia.
Ideal PO2: 90mmHg - 100mmHg.
Brain can handle hypoxia 5-6 min til brain cells die, kidney can sustain for 20 min
before nephrons die.
Under 60 mmHg, cellular aerobic metabolism ceases and anaerobic takes over ->
lactic acid At 60 mmHg Hgb starts to release oxygen molecules, pt is in severe
hypoxemia -> behavioral changes, restlessness, uncoordinated movements,
impaired judgment, delirium, stupor, coma
Compensation: increase ventilation, pulmonary arteriole vasoconstriction, kidneys
release erythropoetin -> pulmonary hypertension -> right ventricular hypertrophy
-> right ventricular failure (cor pulmonale)
what is an obstructive disorder? restrictive?
Incorporate: -SABA
-LABA - Answer: -characterized by an increase in resistance to airflow from the
trachea and larger bronchi to the terminal and respiratory bronchioles.
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