Exam (elaborations)
NUR 376 PATHO FINAL
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Exam of 45 pages for the course NUR 376 at NUR 376 (NUR 376 PATHO FINAL)
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NUR 376 PATHO FINALActinic Keratosis (AK) Correct Answers -premalignant lesion
found on skin that has been damaged by the sun's UV rays
-present as patches of rough, scaly, red plaques
-the surrounding tissues are red and may show telangiectasia
(branches of delicate capillaries)
Active acquired adaptive immunity Correct Answers Longer
lasting immunity than passive-acquired adaptive immunity but
not permanent.
Ex: Vaccine
Adaptive immunity is? Correct Answers -2nd line of defense
against infection
-Developed with exposure to antigens and targets particular
pathogens
-Includes B and T cells to fight infection and create antibodies
Airway Edema Correct Answers Exposure to intense heat and
flames produces
-mucosal damage
-erythema
-edema of the upper airway.
Edema of the upper airway tissues progresses rapidly, so if the
patient manifests signs such as stridor, which is indicative of
upper airway edema, the patient should be intubated
immediately to prevent total airway obstruction.
Alarm Stage Correct Answers "fight or flight"
,SNS activated & adrenal glands release norepinephrine
Induces increased HR/BP, blood glucose sweating,
bronchodilation, decreased GI & genitourinary activity
In brain, stress response causes posterior pituitary to release
ADH = decreased urine output (retention) This helps maintain
BP
Hypothalamus releases corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)
which stimulates anterior pituitary to release ACTH
- stimulates adrenal cortex to produce cortisol which increasing
blood glucose. Initially it boosts immune system activity but
over time will end up suppressing it
-Aldosterone also released to maintain blood volume & pressure
by retaining sodium and water
Allostasis Correct Answers The ability of the organism to
adapt to stress or pain by regulating the internal environment
and maintaining stability
Allostatic Overload & mechanisms that can cause this Correct
Answers McEwen's Theory
Chronic pain that causes "wear and tear" on the body
1. Repeated stressful experience
2. Inability of the individual to adapt
3. Prolonged reaction to stressor
4. Inadequate response to a stressor
,Apoptosis Correct Answers Genetically programmed death on
cells that has no adverse effects on body
Atrophy Correct Answers "Shrinking"
When cells cant meet metabolic requirements, they shrink to
decrease the demand and increase efficiency.
Basal Skin Carcinoma Correct Answers Most common skin
cancer
Curable
Risk Factors:
-light colored skin
-sun exposure/ UV radiation (also found from tanning beds)
- face most common affected area
- can also affect chest, back, scalp, arms, legs
Patho:
-grows slowly & deeply
- called "pearly". Looks like a domed shaped bump with a shiny
appearance
-Rarely metastasizes
Prevention:
-wearing sunscreen and protective clothing
Blood glucose levels Correct Answers normal= , 140mg/dl
hyperglycemia = >200 mg/dl
hypoglycemia= < 70mg/dl
, Bone Healing Process Correct Answers 5 stages:
1. Fracture/Inflammatory Phase:
-peaks approx 48 hrs after injury, can last up to a week
- bleeding and formation of hematoma
- inflammation causes vascular permeability so WBCs can reach
site of injury
2. Granulation Tissue Formation:
- lasts approx 2 weeks
- fibroblasts are attracted to injury & formation of vascular
tissue begins
** Nutrients & oxygen are vital at this stage
3. Callus Formation:
- callus consists of osteoblasts & chondroblasts in granulation
tissue
-These cells synthesize the extracellular organic matrix of
woven bone and cartilage, producing newly formed mineralized
bone approx 6 weeks post-injury
4. Lamellar Bone Deposition:
- "strengthening phase"
- ossification begins
-The mesh-like callus of woven bone is replaced by sheets
(lamellae) of mineralized bone
- length time of this phase is dependent on injury, but occurs
within weeks of callus formation
5. Remodeling
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