BIOL 211 Concepts of Zoology Exam 2 Study Guide for chapter 10, chapter 29, and chapter 38. Topics include behavior, biomes, integument, species, nomenclature, invertebrates, movement, communication, environment and movement.
10.1 What is meant by binomial nomenclature? Describe the convention for writing
binomials.
● Each species has a unique name
● Species name is Genus + species
○ Genus → capitalized, species → not
● Entire name is italicized
○ Ex. Homo sapiens, Daphnia magna
10.2 Taxonomy vs. systematics?
● Taxonomy → important for naming species
● Systematics → important for grouping animals based on common descent
(sharing a common ancestor)
10.3 What are the three fundamental ideas used in species concepts?
1. Descent → derived from common ancestral population
2. Smallest grouping → cohesive, share morphology + genetics
3. Reproductive
a. Sexual populations interbreed
b. Asexual populations respond as a unit to evolutionary forces
1. Biological species concept → defines a mechanism (process) for speciation
a. Species = interbreeding population reproductively isolated from others
i. “Who can mate with who?”
b. Useful and widely accepted
c. Problems:
i. Time not considered
ii. Asexually reproducing organisms are difficult to apply
iii. Hybrids occur
1. Ex. mule
2. Morphological (typological) species concept → defines phenotypic group +
relies on morphological similarity
a. Holotype specimen → the idealized form against which all other
specimens are compared
b. Problems:
i. Geographic variation → same animal can look different
, ii. Sexual dimorphism → females and males look different
3. Phylogenetic species concept → species is smallest possible grouping of
distinct organisms
a. Defines pattern (not process) of speciation (evolution)
b. Emphasis on independently evolved groups of organisms
i. Recognizes species as a lineage
ii. Includes asexual populations
1. New techniques (ex. DNA barcoding) and data lead to
constant reevaluation of species concepts
10.6 Define the following terms:
● Clade (monophyletic group) → a lineage that includes the ancestor and all
descendants
a. “Gold standard” for phylogenetic reconstruction
b. Defined by one or more synapomorphies
c. Not a taxonomic group
● Synapomorphy → a unique feature shared by all members of a clade and not
found in any other organisms outside that clade
a. Ex. hair (only mammals have hair)
● Paraphyletic group → a group of animals that contain a common ancestor, but
does not include all descendants
● Cladogram → branching diagram that shows nested hierarchy (relationships) of
clades (monophyletic groups) defined by synapomorphies
a. Nested hierarchy
b. ‘Angle’ diagram
● Sister group → two descendants that split from a common ancestral node
● Parsimony → ‘the simplest explanation that can explain the data’ is to be
preferred
a. State in which a phylogenetic tree features the fewest possible number of
common ancestors / minimizing the total number of evolutionary steps
10.7 What are some sources of phylogenetic information?
● Characters → sources of information
○ Anything that can be described or measured
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