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Summary BIOL 211 Concepts of Zoology Exam 4 Study Guide $7.99
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Summary BIOL 211 Concepts of Zoology Exam 4 Study Guide
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BIOL 211 Concepts of Zoology Exam 4 Study Guide For chapters 16, 18, 19, 20, and 21. Covering concepts like synapomorphies, phylums, clades, respiration, reproduction, feeding, and locomotion. Phylum mollusca, class polyplacophora, gastropoda, bivalvia, cephalopoda, phylum annelida, etc.

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  • September 8, 2024
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BIOL 211 Concepts of Zoology
Exam 4 Study Guide

Chapter 16
Synapomorphies Features Body Plan

Phylum ★ Radula ● Bilateral symmetry ● Head-foot
Mollusca ★ Mantle ● Complete gut ○ Feeding (radula) →
(4 classes) ★ Muscular foot → ● True coelom rasp and scrape food
locomotion (reduced to ● Sensory
hemocoel) ● Locomotor (muscular
foot)
● Excretion → ● Visceral mass (organs)
metanephridia ○ Mantle → secrete shell
● Nervous system and protect viscera
and sense organs i. Inner layer →
● Reproduction → nacreous layer
sexual ii. Middle layer →
prismatic layer
iii. Outer layer →
periostracum
○ Viscera → organs
○ Metanephridia →
“kidney,” excretory
organ (nitrogenous
waste)

1. Class ★ Shell with 7-8
Polyplacophora overlapping
(chitons) plates
★ Mantle cavity
along sides of
foot
★ Multiple gills

2. Class ★ Torsion → anus ★ Feeding → most ● Shell:
Gastropoda and mantle herbivorous; some ● Univalve (one piece)
(conches, snails, cavity twist to carnivorous, ● Apex is oldest whorl
slugs, etc.) scavengers ● Most with operculum to
the right and
★ Respiration → gills cover aperture

, end up over or skin and surface ● R = dextral
head of mantle cavity ● L = sinistral
Avoid fouling by: ★ Reproduction →
release gametes
H2O in L, out R
into water or
Openings in shell
encase in
Bilateral asymmetry gelatinous mass

● Diversity
○ Prosobranchs
○ Pulmonates
○ Opisthobranchs


3. Class Bivalvia ★ Bivalve shell ● Locomotion → ● Adductor muscles close
(clams, mussels, ★ Loss of radula muscular foot shell
oysters, etc.) ● Respiration → gills ● Mantle folds form
(ctenidia) + surface incurrent and excurrent
of mantle siphon
● Filter feed ● Dorsal → umbo
○ Stomach with
rotating
crystalline style
○ Ciliary tracts →
stores particles

4. Class ★ Arms, tentacles, ● Locomotion → jet ● “Head foot” modified, foot
Cephalopoda and siphon propulsion = merges with head
(octopus, squid, ★ Beaklike jaws funnel (siphon) ● Shell reduced; internal
cuttlefish, expel H2O from cartilage or cuttlebone
★ Closed
nautilus, etc.) mantle cavity
circulatory
● Respiration → gills
system (multiple ● Well-developed
hearts) nervous + sensory
systems
● Reproduction
(cuttlefish) →
males display 2
patterns


16.1 Name the higher order Clades that Phylum Mollusca belongs to.

, ● Clade Protostomia
○ Clade Bilateria
■ Clade Lophotrochozoa (trochophore larva)

16.2 What are three synapomorphies that define Phylum Mollusca
★ Radula
★ Mantle
★ Muscular foot

16.3 Describe the body plan and general features found in Phylum Mollusca.
Describe the features of the ‘head-foot’ and the ‘visceral mass’.
● General features
○ Bilateral symmetry
○ Complete gut
○ Ecoelomate
■ All protostomes form coelom by schizocoely
■ Coelom reduced to hemocoel
○ Open circulatory system
○ Excretion → metanephridia (type of ‘kidney’)
○ Nervous system and sense organs
○ Reproduction → sexual reproduction (some hermaphroditic)
● Body organization
○ Head-foot
■ Radula → feeding
● Rasp and scrape food; absent in bivalves
■ Sensory
■ Muscular foot → locomotion
○ Visceral mass (organs)
■ Mantle → secrete shell and protect viscera
● Encloses mantle cavity; surface for respiration
● Mantle cavity → space for H2O circulation; house gills or
lung; exit for waste and gametes
■ Viscera → organs
■ Metanephridia→ excretory organ (nitrogenous waste)
● Open on both ends; nephrostome opens to coelom, exit
to mantle cavity

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