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Summary BIOL 211 Concepts of Zoology Exam 3 Study Guide
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BIOL 211 Concepts of Zoology Exam 3 Study Guide for chapter 11, 12, 13, and 14. Covering concepts like reproduction, protozoans, sponges, cnidarians, life cycles, etc.

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  • September 8, 2024
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BIOL 211 Concepts of Zoology
Exam 3 Study Guide

Chapter 11
11.1 Describe the synapomorphies that define eukaryotes?
1. Membrane bound nucleus
2. Endosymbiosis → organelles (ex. mitochondria)

11.2 Describe what protozoans are, what their body plan is like, and identify some
key features that are common to protozoans.
● Protozoans → unicellular eukaryotes with animal-like characteristics
a. General features:
■ Nucleus → contains genetic material
● Ciliates → 2 nuclei (macronucleus + micronucleus)
■ Mitochondria
■ Golgi apparatus → secretory function / intracellular digestion
■ Plastids → contain photosynthetic pigments
■ Extrusomes → organelles that extrude stuff
● Trichocyst
● Toxicyst
■ No cell wall
b. Locomotion
■ Cilium or flagellum
● 9 + 2 microtubule arrangement (axoneme)
● Kinetosome → basal body; ‘anchor’
● Sliding microtubule
hypothesis
■ Pseudopodia → extensions of cell
cytoplasm
● Lobopodia → large with
ectoplasm + endoplasm
(Amoeba)
● Filopodia → thin extensions
of ectoplasm

, ● Axopodia → thin, supported by axial rods of microtubules
(Actinosphaerium)
c. Nutrition
■ Autotrophic
■ Heterotrophic (most)
● Engulf food particles via phagocytosis to form food
vacuole
● Some have cytostome → “mouth”
■ Mutualistic, commensalistic, parasitic
d. Excretion + Osmoregulation
■ Excretion via diffusion or cytopyge/cytoproct
■ Contractile vacuole → osmoregulation
■ Uses proton pump; actively transport H+
e. Reproduction
■ Asexual
● Binary fission
● Budding
● Multiple fission (schizogeny/sporogeny) → form
multiple individuals by multiple nuclear division
preceding division of cytoplasm
■ Sexual → form haploid gamete cells or gamete nuclei
● Autogamy → single organism undergoes self-fertilization,
gametes arise and fuse within parent
● Syngamy (fertilization) → one gamete fertilizes another,
permanently
● Conjugation → two organisms exchange genetic matter,
temporarily (ex. Paramecium)

11.3 Describe how ameboid movement occurs
● Crawling-like type of movement accomplished by protrusion of cytoplasm
involving the formation of pseudopodia that pull the cell forward (ex. Amoeba)

11.4 Describe the sliding filament hypothesis
● Myosin filaments use energy from ATP to “walk” along the actin filaments
with their cross bridges

, 11.5 Define the following:
1. Protozoans -
1. Trichocyst → eject threads
2. Toxicyst → eject toxic filaments

1. Heterotrophic protozoans
a. Phagocytosis → engulf food particles
2. Osmoregulation
a. Contractile vacuole → carries on osmoregulation (maintenance
of water balance)

3. Phylum Euglenozoa
a. Pellicle → flexible proteinaceous strip under cell membrane
b. Stigma → light sensitive eyespot



11.6 Describe the following forms of asexual reproduction that occurs in
protozoans:
1. Binary fission → 2 identical individuals
2. Budding → progeny smaller than adult
3. Multiple fission / schizogeny / sporogeny (form spores) → form multiple
individuals by multiple nuclear division preceding division of cytoplasm
(Phylum Apicomplexa + Amoebas)



11.7 Describe ways in which sexual reproduction occurs in protozoans.
1. Syngamy → one gamete fertilizes another
2. Autogamy → gametes arise and fuse within parent
3. Conjugation → exchange genetic nuclei

11.8 For each of the following groups in bold:
A) name the synapomorphy(ies) that define the group (if one exists)
B) describe the features of the group
C) name an example or examples of organisms in that group.

Phylum Euglenozoa

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