WGU PROFESSIONAL ROLES &
VALUES C304 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
m Five Steps of the Scientific Process: - - Hypothesis
- Method
- Data collection
- Results
- Evaluation
Hypothesis: - Ask the question that is to be the main focus. It usually includes independent and
dependent variables.
Method: - Decide what data will be collected to answer the question. Decide on and identify the step-by-
step procedure that will be used to collect these data. Make sure this process can be easily replicated.
Data collection: - Implement the step-by-step procedure that has been determined to answer the
question.
Results: - On the conclusion of the data collection, statistically identify the outcomes. Establish
parameters (e.g., level of significance) that will determine whether the data are relevant.
Evaluation: - Examine the results to determine the relevance of outcome data in answering the
hypothesis. Determine the significance and identify the potential for future research.
Criteria for Theory Acceptance - - Inclusiveness
- Consistency
- Accuracy
- Relevance
- Fruitfulness
- Simplicity
Inclusiveness: - Does the theory include all concepts related to the area of interest?
Consistency: - Can the theory address new entities without having its founding assumptions changed?
Accuracy: - Does the theory explain retrospective occurrences? Does the theory maintain its capacity to
predict future outcomes?
, Relevance: - Does the theory relate to the scientific foundation from which it is derived? Is it reflective of
the scientific base?
Fruitfulness: - Does the theory generate new directions for future research?
Simplicity: - Does the theory provide a road map for replication? Is it simple to follow? Does it make
sense?
*Florence Nightingale 1860 - Investigates the effect of the environment on healing.
*Hildegard E. Peplau 1952 - Interpersonal relations model explores the interpersonal relationship of the
nurse and the client and identifies the client's feelings as a predictor of positive outcomes related to
health and wellness.
Faye Abdellah 1960 - Twenty-one nursing problems. Client-centered interventions
Ida Jean Orlando 1961 - Theory of the nursing process. Deliberate nursing approach using nursing
process, which stresses the action of the individual client in determining the action of the nurse; focus is
on the present or short-term outcome.
Virginia Henderson 1966 - Definition of nursing. Nursing assists patients with 14 essential functions
toward independence.
Myra Estrin Levine 1967 - Conservation model. Four conservation principles of inpatient client resources
(energy, structural integrity, personal integrity, and social integrity).
*Martha E. Rogers 1970 - Science of unitary human beings: energy fields, openness, pattern, and
organization; nurse promotes synchronicity between human beings and their universe or environment.
Betty Neuman 1970 - Systems model: wellness-illness continuum; promotes the nurse as the agent in
assisting the client in adapting to and therefore reducing stressors; supports the notion of prevention
through appropriate intervention.
*Dorothea Orem 1971 - Self-care model. Nursing facilitates client self-care by measuring the client's
deficit relative to self-care needs; the nurse implements appropriate measures to assist the client in
meeting these needs by matching them with an appropriate supportive intervention.
Imogene King 1971
. - Goal attainment theory. Goal attainment using nurse-client transactions; addresses client systems and
includes society, groups, and the individual
*Sister Callista Roy 1974 - Roy's adaptation model. Client's adaptation to condition using environmental
stimuli to adjust perception.
Madeline Leininger 1977 - Theory of cultural care diversity and universality. Transcultural nursing and
caring nursing; concepts are aimed toward caring and the components of a culture care theory; diversity,
universality, worldview, and ethnohistory are essential to the four concepts (care, caring, health, and
nursing).
VALUES C304 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
m Five Steps of the Scientific Process: - - Hypothesis
- Method
- Data collection
- Results
- Evaluation
Hypothesis: - Ask the question that is to be the main focus. It usually includes independent and
dependent variables.
Method: - Decide what data will be collected to answer the question. Decide on and identify the step-by-
step procedure that will be used to collect these data. Make sure this process can be easily replicated.
Data collection: - Implement the step-by-step procedure that has been determined to answer the
question.
Results: - On the conclusion of the data collection, statistically identify the outcomes. Establish
parameters (e.g., level of significance) that will determine whether the data are relevant.
Evaluation: - Examine the results to determine the relevance of outcome data in answering the
hypothesis. Determine the significance and identify the potential for future research.
Criteria for Theory Acceptance - - Inclusiveness
- Consistency
- Accuracy
- Relevance
- Fruitfulness
- Simplicity
Inclusiveness: - Does the theory include all concepts related to the area of interest?
Consistency: - Can the theory address new entities without having its founding assumptions changed?
Accuracy: - Does the theory explain retrospective occurrences? Does the theory maintain its capacity to
predict future outcomes?
, Relevance: - Does the theory relate to the scientific foundation from which it is derived? Is it reflective of
the scientific base?
Fruitfulness: - Does the theory generate new directions for future research?
Simplicity: - Does the theory provide a road map for replication? Is it simple to follow? Does it make
sense?
*Florence Nightingale 1860 - Investigates the effect of the environment on healing.
*Hildegard E. Peplau 1952 - Interpersonal relations model explores the interpersonal relationship of the
nurse and the client and identifies the client's feelings as a predictor of positive outcomes related to
health and wellness.
Faye Abdellah 1960 - Twenty-one nursing problems. Client-centered interventions
Ida Jean Orlando 1961 - Theory of the nursing process. Deliberate nursing approach using nursing
process, which stresses the action of the individual client in determining the action of the nurse; focus is
on the present or short-term outcome.
Virginia Henderson 1966 - Definition of nursing. Nursing assists patients with 14 essential functions
toward independence.
Myra Estrin Levine 1967 - Conservation model. Four conservation principles of inpatient client resources
(energy, structural integrity, personal integrity, and social integrity).
*Martha E. Rogers 1970 - Science of unitary human beings: energy fields, openness, pattern, and
organization; nurse promotes synchronicity between human beings and their universe or environment.
Betty Neuman 1970 - Systems model: wellness-illness continuum; promotes the nurse as the agent in
assisting the client in adapting to and therefore reducing stressors; supports the notion of prevention
through appropriate intervention.
*Dorothea Orem 1971 - Self-care model. Nursing facilitates client self-care by measuring the client's
deficit relative to self-care needs; the nurse implements appropriate measures to assist the client in
meeting these needs by matching them with an appropriate supportive intervention.
Imogene King 1971
. - Goal attainment theory. Goal attainment using nurse-client transactions; addresses client systems and
includes society, groups, and the individual
*Sister Callista Roy 1974 - Roy's adaptation model. Client's adaptation to condition using environmental
stimuli to adjust perception.
Madeline Leininger 1977 - Theory of cultural care diversity and universality. Transcultural nursing and
caring nursing; concepts are aimed toward caring and the components of a culture care theory; diversity,
universality, worldview, and ethnohistory are essential to the four concepts (care, caring, health, and
nursing).
