int therapeutic ultrasound - applies a high frequency to warm tissue and increase local cellular
metabolism more deeply than superficial heating agents
I: tendonitis, plantar fasciitis, nerve entrapment (i.e. carpal tunnel syndrome), OA, and muscle spasms.
before stretching of shortened soft tissue & reduce pain, accelerate tissue healing, reduce edema
CI: growing epiphyseal junction, cancer, metal/pacemaker, pregnant uterus, over spinal column, DVT, and
fractures. Acute infection/inflammation, thrombophlebitis, eyes
erferential - uses 2 alternating medium frequency currents that are applied simultaneously and
cross to form constructive and destructive interference → modulated frequency equal to the difference
in frequency of the two waves
I: deep or large joint problems, muscle spasms with pain, acute/chronic pain, stimulates muscle fxn
CI: open wound, circulatory conditions, DVT, metal implants, pacemaker, low back and abdomen for
pregnancy, local malignancy, and fracture/bone fusion
Iontophoresis - Continuous direct current - low (amp) galvanic current to facilitate transdermal
drug delivery
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