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ARCH 131 (HUMAN ORIGIN) BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY FINAL EXAM COMPLETE RATED A
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ARCH 131 (HUMAN ORIGIN) BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY FINAL EXAM COMPLETE RATED A
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ARCH 131 (HUMAN ORIGIN) BIOLOGICALANTHROPOLOGY FINAL EXAM COMPLETE
RATED A
Pestera cu Oase
✔✔-located in Romania
-AMH
-2002
-Robust AMH
Sealed off after last prehistoric ppl used it so ancient time capsule
-Little work b/c researchers want to be careful
-Clear lots of bones not buried (scattered on cave floor)
-Could be hybrids as well
-36,000-41,000 ya (oldest AMH in Europe so far)
Complete Replacement
"Out of Africa"
✔✔1.AMH evolved exclusively in Africa between 250,000 to 150,000 years
ago.
2.After 100,000 years ago, they began spreading out from Africa.
a.Show up in Asia at around 60,000 years ago.
b.Show up in Australia 40,000-50,000 years ago.
c.Show up in Europe 40,000 years ago.
d.Show up in Siberia 30,000 years ago.
,e.Show in in Alaska 20,000 years ago.
f.Show up in South America 15,000 years ago.
3.Between 70,000-30,000 years ago they replaced all hominins in the
world.
a.They replaced this with only a little interbreeding.
b.Everyone's mtDNA can be traced back to a woman who lived in Africa.
c.Mitochondrial Eve, our great (x3000) grandmother.
Evidence in support of "Out of Africa"
✔✔-genetics: mtDNA (mother to daughter) and Y chromosome (father to
son) data - low degree of variability and only only changes due to random
mutations
- suggest recent bottleneck
-longer a species is in existence, more mutation will accumulate in mtDNA
material culture:
-Advanced material culture appears earliest in Africa by 70,000 ya blade
tools bifacial points bone point
-Don't appear until significantly later in Europe and Asia
Regional Continuity Hypothesis (basically debunked)
✔✔•Very different set of premises.
1.AMH evolved in multiple regions from the local archaic homo species.
2.Homo sapiens appeared more or less at the same time in Africa, Asia,
and Europe.
3.Occurred through constant gene flow between these regions.
,a.Caused by constant interbreeding between small, adjacent local group.
•Therefore, all modern humans should carry a mixture of 3 major types of
genes.
1.Very ancient genes from out original common hominin ancestor
(ergaster/erectus, Australopithecus).
2.Ancient genes (alleles) from the local indigenous ancestors.
3.Recent genetic additions (alleles) from interbreeding with outside
groups.
Problems with Complete Replacement
✔✔•Difficult to compute mtDNA mutation rates.
a.Researchers suggest a 2-4% change per million years.
b.Data suggests actual rate is 2-9% per million years.
Evidence for Regional Continuity
✔✔•Visible morphology continuity between archaic and AMH remains in
Europe and Asia.
a.If AMH evolved from regional group, there shouldn't be any sudden
changes in skeletal morphology.
b.The fossil records in each region should be continuous.
•Not all genetic data shows evidence of bottleneck.
a.Blood groups of the major histocompatibility complex (blood types)
show non Africans have more genetic diversity.
b.Presence of ancient alleles at the MHC loci suggest that no genetic
bottlenecks occurred in human evolution.
c.Different genes have different rates of mutations.
, Clinal Replacement
✔✔•Also called the weak Garden of Eden hypothesis.
•The movement out of Africa was the diffusion of a successful genetic
package - not necessarily actual movement of people.
•This occurred through random interbreeding between African and non-
African groups.
•Along with constant natural selection favoring this modern genotype.
•This hypothesis is more supportive of regional continuity.
C. Linnaeus
✔✔-was perhaps the first to try to classify modern humans systematically
Homo sapiens Europeus albescens
✔✔white people from Europe - gentle and industrious
Homo sapiens Africanus negreus
✔✔black people from Africa - relaxed and negligent
Homo sapiens Asiaticus fucus
✔✔dark people from Asia - greedy and easily distracted
Homo sapiens Americanus rubescens
✔✔red people from the Americas - stubborn and angered easily
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