Exam (elaborations)
advanced pathophysiology final exam Questions and Answers Graded A+
- Course
- Institution
advanced pathophysiology final exam
[Show more]
Content preview
primary intervention - answerremoves risk factors, so diseases do not occuradvanced pathophysiology final exam
examples of primary interventions - answerimmunizations, seat belts, helmets
secondary interventions - answerdetecting disease when still curable
examples of secondary interventions - answerpap smears, routine blood screens,
chemotherapy
tertiary interventions - answerpreventing further deterioration or reducing complications
of disease
examples of tertiary interventions - answerbeta blockers following MI, chemo, radiation
homeostasis - answerproperty of a system in which variables are regulated so that
internal conditions remain stable and relatively constant; examples include the stability
of the human body's environment in response to changes in external conditions
mitochondria - answercellular powerhouse; cellular respiration; convert ingested
substances to ATP (cellular metabolism)
endoplasmic reticulum - answerprotein synthesis and fat metabolism
ribosomes - answersite of protein synthesis
golgi apparatus - answerpackages and modifies proteins from the ER for secretion;
produces lysosomes; predominant in secretory cells
Lysosomes and peroxisomes - answercellular digestion
cytoskeleton - answerfilaments and microtubules maintain cell shape; permit movement
types of injurious stimuli (cellular) - answerhypoxia, chemical/toxic agents, physical
agents, microorganisms and immunologic reactions, genetic defects, nutritional
imbalances
how does hypoxia affect cells? - answercauses cellular swelling, local or generalized
release of lactic acid
how do chemical/toxic agents affect cells? - answerdamage cell membrane
types of adaptive immunity - answerhumoral, cell-mediated
humoral immunity - answerutilizes circulating antibodies produced by B-lymphocytes
, primary response of humoral immunity - answer(1) antigen phagocytosed by
macrophage, (2) antigen presenting cells, (3) antigen delivered to B cells, (4) B cells
enlarge and differentiate into: antibody producing plasma cells, memory B cells
secondary response of humoral immunity - answermemory B cells respond to
subsequent antigen exposure in a more rapid and powerful way
cell-mediated immunity - answerexposure to antigen presented by macrophages cause
antigen-specific T-cell differentiation and proliferation in the lymphoid tissue; activated
T-cells continually cycle from lymph to blood to lymph, able to directly respond to an
antigen and destroy the target cell
where do B lymphocytes mature? - answerbone marrow
where to T lymphocytes mature? - answerthymus
what are the major components of innate immunity? - answerepithelial barriers,
phagocytic cells (neutrophils, macrophages), NK cells, plasma proteins, inflammatory
response
natural killer (NK) cells - answerT-cells; play role in both adaptive and innate immunity;
identify viruses, infections (non-self cells)
complement system - answeramplifies the antigen-antibody reaction; includes 9
interacting components (proteins); effects include: opsonization, agglutination,
neutralization, chemotaxis, mast cell and basophil activation, general inflammatory
effects
basophils - answerinnate immunity; release histamine
mast cells - answersecrete histamine; prompted to degranulate during activation
macrophages - answer"pac man"; consume bacteria, cell debris/waste; serve as APCs
neutrophils - answerrelease interleukins (cytokines) to signal other immune cells to
travel to injured area during chemotaxis
toll-like receptors - answersense damage; release chemical mediators that initiate
inflammatory response; found particularly in endothelial layer of capillary beds
antigen-presenting cells (APCs) - answerinclude macrophages, dendritic cells,
Langerhans cells, activated B-cells; (1) engulf foreign particles, (2) present fragment of
antigens on their own surfaces to be recognized by T cells
T cells - answerresponse to intracellular pathogens; recognize self
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller julianah420. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $15.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
73091 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now