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PMCOL 305 EXAM LATEST UPDATE
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PMCOL 305 EXAM LATESTUPDATE
Drug of Abuse (def'n) - Answer a substance that acts at a specific targets and is initially
rewarding to the user but causes changes to neural circuitry chronically
Substance Use Disorder (SUD) - Answer an umbrella term defined by the DSM-IV for
diagnosis of drug abuse
Main categories of SUD (4) - Answer 1. Impaired control
2. Social Impairment
3. Risky use
4. Pharmacological indicators (tolerance and withdrawal)
Addiction - Answer most severe definition of SUD
3 C's of Addiction - Answer 1. Consequences: use continues
2. Control loss: inability to stop
3. Compulsive behaviour: drug seeking
Onset of addiction - Answer Escalating substance use over a period of time
balance of tolerance and dependence
Stages of addiction (3) - Answer 1. Binge and intoxication
2. Withdrawal/Negative affects
3. Craving/Preoccupation + anticipation
Binge and intoxication stage - Answer In basal ganglia (primitive structure)
mediated by dopamine reward
triggers Pavlovian associative learning that rewires circuitry to anticipate a reward and
activate pathway
Withdrawal/negative affect stage - Answer In extended amygdala (emotional memories
live here)
"normal" rewards become less rewarding
,reward/motivation is solely drug based
decreases dopamine sensitivity in all stimuli
antireward effect occurs
drug use is target to avoid dysphoria of antireward
Antireward - Answer The response when not using a drug after a heightened stress
response is rewired due to repeated elevation of dopamine levels
Craving/Preoccupation stage - Answer In Prefrontal Cortex that controls executive
function and decision making
impaired DA and Glu signalling
difficulty making decisions and resisting urges
all thoughts are drug-related
high levels of relapse
Tolerance - Answer can take more and more drug without feeling effects, or
need more drug to get same effect
Dependence - Answer physically/psychologically unwell when NOT using (homeostasis
when on drugs)
cannot function without drugs
the state that occurs after using a drug so frequently that is becomes difficult to function
without
occurs after tolerance starts
Adaptation - Answer changes in neurotransmitter/other pathways to maintain
homeostasis
Pharmacodynamic tolerance - Answer altered neurons in terms of sensitivity and
receptor/transmitters due to chronic use (up-/down-regulation)
responsible for many withdrawal symptoms
can form cross-tolerance for drugs in the same class with similar ADME
Uppers - Answer increase neurotransmitter availability
employing less receptors to normalize effects
without drug, brain is under-stimulated by lack of receptors
, leads to low function, depression, restlessness
Downers - Answer decreased neurotransmitter availability
brain employs more receptors to achieve maximal effect
without drug, brain is overstimulated by the excess of neurotransmitters
leads to seizures
Metabolic tolerance/drug disposition - Answer increased metabolism/excretion due to
increased activity in liver
up-/down-regulation that becomes "normal" in chronic use
can be tolerant to the "high" but not to side effects as the high stimulates the DA/CNS
pathways but body has not compensated (eg: cocaine and cardiac arrest)
Physical dependence - Answer changes in brain to compensate for the drug
changes create a new homeostasis with drug in system that withdrawal effects are
usually opposite of the desired effects of the drug
must keep taking the drug to avoid these changes from occurring
Uncompensated adaptive change - Answer adaptations that the brain makes in
response to chronic drug use: an attempt to return to initial homeostatic functioning
not taking the drug causes the body to still use the compensatory adaptation but no
drug is in the body to counteract them
Psychological dependence - Answer reinforcing drugs that stimulate the reward
pathway produce dependence due to changes in the brain
perceived need for use, craving and relapse
a very powerful driving force behind repeated drug use
Drug abuse towards tolerance and dependence - Answer drug abuse does not always
result in tolerance and dependence acutely, but can lead to increased risk of harm
Genetics of addiction - Answer ~50% comes from genetics
~50% come from environment/stress
epigenetics to play a big role as gene expressions can be learnt and passed onto
offspring
genes that may be susceptible to drugs have relations to neuroplasicity and learning
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) - Answer examine entire genome and use
different approaches to compare as many genes as possible
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