AC-HPAT Biology

Macromolecules - answer-A very large organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules passive transport - answer-the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell (diffusion) active transport - answer-Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference catalyst - answer-substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction fluid mosaic model - answer-model that describes the arrangement and movement of the molecules that make up a cell membrane Effect of qualitative factors on rate of diffusion of molecules across a plasma membrane? - answer-The higher the temperature, the more kinetic energy the particles will have, so they will move and mix more quickly. Structure and function of carbohydrate - answer-sugars and starches that the body uses for energy. Consists of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Typically in a 1:2:1 ratio What are the tree main types of carbohydrates - answer-1. Monosaccharides - simple sugars ( ie glucose, 6 carbon, fructose and galactose) 2. Disaccharides which are double sugars ( ie sucrose, maltose, lactose) (consist of two monosaccharides bonded together through a dehydration synthesis reaction [ results in loss of water molecule] ) 3. Polysaccharides which are complex sugars ( many monosaccharides bonded together) ( starch, glycogen, and cellulose) Structure and function of protein - answer-made from many amino acids connected together in different arrangements, provide the building materials your body needs to grow and repair itself Enzymes - answer-Proteins that speed up chemical reactions ( act as catalysts) Structure and function of Lipids - answer-Store energy. Consist mainly of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Do not dissolve in water, because they are non polar ( electrons are shared equally in the molecule ) -Fatty acids containing no double bonds are saturated. -Fatty acids containing one double bond are mono-unsaturated. -Fatty acids containing two or more double bonds are polyunsaturated. -Fats provide approximately 9 kcal/g. Lysosomes - answer-An organelle containing digestive enzymes. Destroy pathogens (white blood cells) Vacuoles - answer-Stores food, water, wastes, and other materials Mitochondria - answer-Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production. Cellular respiration's occurs here cell / plasma membrane - answer-A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell. Ribosomes - answer-site of protein synthesis Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - answer-System of internal membranes within the cytoplasm. Next to the nucleus & continuous with the nuclear envelope. Membranes are rough due to the presence of ribosomes. Produce proteins and fold them into three dimensional shape.( some are used in ER and other are used in other part of cell) before transporting them using vesicles. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum - answer-An endomembrane system where lipids and carbohydrates are synthesized as well as hormones and cholesterol, calcium levels are regulated, and toxic substances are broken down ( detox occurs) . Golgie bodies/apparatus - answer-1. Receives vesicles and modifies proteins 2. Adds lipids and carbs 3. Responsible for protein exportation cellular respiration formula - answer-C6H12O6 + 6O2 ------ 6CO2 + 6H20 + Energy (ATP) What is cellular respiration? - answer-Complicated process that releases energy from food in the presence of oxygen Three stages of cellular respiration - answer-glycolysis, krebs cycle, electron transport chain Glycolysis - answer-the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid. Krebs cycle - answer-The cycle harnesses the available chemical energy of acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA) into the reducing power of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). The TCA cycle is part of the larger glucose metabolism whereby glucose is oxidized to form pyruvate, which is then oxidized and enters the TCA cycle as acetyl-CoA. electron transport chain - answer-a series of proteins in which the high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle are used to convert ADP into ATP How do enzymes aid digestion? - answer-Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions ( and digestion) They break down food into smaller, simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood stream. Eukaryote - answer-A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles Prokaryote - answer-A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles Virus - answer-A tiny, nonliving particle that invades and then reproduces inside a living cell. a virus is simply "a piece of information." And it's sole goal is to replicate Virus structure - answer-Contains genetic material either DNA or RNA, and a protein coat. Eukaryotic life cycles - answer-- for Non sexual cells, cells have 2 phases, interphase - or growth. Interphase is divided up into 3 steps, G1 (grow gap 1), S ( synthesis/ making DNA ) and G2 ( grow Gap 2). The second phase is m -phase ( mitosis - splitting into 2 identical 46 chromosome cells) or in the case of sexual cells -meiosis ( splitting into 4 non identical 23 chromosome cells) prokaryotic life cycle - answer-1. undergo binary fission ( copy DNA and split cell into two.) 2. Produce two daughter cells 3. Exact copy of the parent cell. symbiotic microorganisms - answer-The relationship between a cow and the cellulose digesting bacteria is a symbiotic one, meaning both parties benefit. The cow provides the bacteria a warm, moist environment with a constant supply of food. The bacteria enable the cow to access the nutrients in their cellulose-rich diet and provide a protein source. How does mycorrhizal fungi help a plant? - answer-Both partners benefit from the relationship: mycorrhizal fungi improve the nutrient status of their host plants, influencing mineral nutrition, water absorption, growth and disease resistance, whereas in exchange, the host plant is necessary for fungal growth and reproduction Bacterial Reproduction - answer-Most bacteria rely on binary fission for propagation. Conceptually this is a simple process; a cell just needs to grow to twice its starting size and then split in two Virus reproduction - answer-Attachment: Virus attaches to a protein of a cell, Injection: virus injects DNA into cell, Replication: Cell makes parts for new viruses, assembly: cell assembles the virus, release: cell breaks open (cell dies) and releases new viruses Fungi reproduction - answer-Most fungi reproduce by forming spores that can survive extreme conditions such as cold and lack of water. Both sexual meiotic and asexual mitotic spores may be produced, depending on the species and conditions. Most fungi life cycles consist of both a diploid and a haploid stage. Genetics - answer-The scientific study of heredity spindle - answer-fanlike microtubule structure that helps separate the chromosomes during mitosis Haploid - answer-(genetics) an organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes Diploid - answer-(genetics) an organism or cell having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number Heterozygous - answer-An organism that has two different alleles for a trait What is an allele? - answer-one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome. Homozygous - answer-An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait Hemaphilia - answer-Excessive bleeding caused by congenital lack of the protein factor necessary for clotting. Gametes - answer-a mature haploid male or female germ cell that is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote. Zygote - answer-fertilized egg ultraviolet radiation - answer-Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a form of non-ionizing radiation that is emitted by the sun and artificial sources, such as tanning beds. Electromagnetic waves with wavelengths that are shorter than visible light but longer than X-rays. Carcinogen - answer-A cancer-causing substance Trisomy - answer-a condition in which an extra copy of a chromosome is present in the cell nuclei, causing developmental abnormalities. Cancer - answer-disorder in which some of the body's cells lose the ability to control growth somatic cells - answer-Any cells in the body other than reproductive cells Meiosis - answer-Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms Phases of Meiosis - answer-Prophase 1, Metaphase 1, Anaphase 1, Telophase 1, Prophase 2, Metaphase 2, Anaphase 2, Telophase 2 monohybrid cross - answer-A cross between individuals that involves one pair of contrasting traits Punnet Square Method - answer-a method of predicting the genotypes and phenotypes of offspring in genetic crosses Meiosis I and Meiosis II - answer-Meiosis consists of two distinct stages: _____, and _____, resulting in four daughter cells. Mitosis vs. Meiosis - answer-Mitosis: one division forming 2 identical cells (clones); Meiosis: two divisions forming 4 genetically different cells Mitosis - answer-cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes DNA - answer-A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes. What is DNA made of - answer-nucleotides [ consisting of phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar ( carbohydrate), and a base ( guanine, cytosine, adenine, thymine) ] Genes - answer-DNA segments that serve as the key functional units in hereditary transmission. Chromosomes - answer-threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes Genotype - answer-genetic makeup of an organism Phenotype - answer-An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits. Gene Dominance-Recessive Principle - answer-the idea that dominant genes override the expression of recessive genes dominant gene - answer-member of a gene pair that controls the appearance of a certain trait sex linkage - answer-occurs when certain traits are determined by genes on sex chromosomes What is a sex-linked trait? - answer-A trait associated with a gene that is carried only by the male or female parent. Common genetic disorders - answer-sickle-cell anemia, Tay-sachs disease, cystic fibrosis, down syndrome, and hemophilia. artificial insemination - answer-Injecting semen into the uterus by artificial means reproductive cloning - answer-Using a somatic cell from a multicellular organism to make one or more genetically identical individuals. invitro fertilization - answer-Fertilization occurs in a petri dish in a lab, and then the fertilized eggs are implanted into the female. Systolic contraction - answer-Systole is when the heart muscle contracts. When the heart contracts, it pushes the blood out of the heart and into the large blood vessels of the circulatory system. Blood pressure increase Diastolic contraction - answer-Diastole is when the heart muscle relaxes. When the heart relaxes, the chambers of the heart fill with blood, and a person's blood pressure decreases. diffusion gradient - answer-The difference in molecular concentration that allows diffusion to occur. Inhalation - answer-the act of taking in air as the diaphragm contracts and pulls downward Exhalation - answer-breathing out Coronary - answer-pertaining to the heart Cardiac - answer-of or relating to the heart ulcer - answer-open sore Asthma - answer-A chronic allergic disorder characterized by episodes of severe breathing difficulty, coughing, and wheezing. constipation - answer-Hard, slow stools that are difficult to eliminate; often a result of too little fiber in the diet circulatory system - answer-(aka cardiovascular system) This system works as the transportation highway for the body. It consists of the heart, blood, and blood vessels. It transports substances such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nutrients in the body. respiratory system - answer-Brings oxygen into the body. Gets rid of carbon dioxide. digestive system - answer-Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. function of spleen - answer-filters blood Xylem - answer-vascular tissue that carries water upward from the roots to every part of a plant Phloem - answer-Living vascular tissue that carries sugar and organic substances throughout a plant Chloroplast - answer-An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs Pistil - answ