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NURS 125 Exam II 2024/2025 Questions With Completed & Verified Solutions.
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NURS 125 Exam II 2024/2025 Questions With Completed & Verified Solutions.
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NURS 125 Exam IIpneumonia - ANS acute inflammation of the lung parenchyma leading to consolidation of lung
tissue as the alveoli fill with exudate that impairs gas exchange
pneumonia primary problem - ANS impaired gas exchange
community acquired pneumonia - ANS a type of pneumonia that results from contagious
infection outside of a hospital or clinic (or within 48 hours of entering a hospital/facility)
Hospital acquired pneumonia - ANS pneumonia occurring 48 hours or longer after hospital
admission and not incubating at the time of hospitalization.
Pneumonia Etiology - ANS causes include bacteria, fungi, viruses, parasites, aspiration
most common cause of pneumonia in infants and young children - ANS viruses
Pneumonia Risk Factors - ANS - advanced age
- lung diease
- smoking
- immunosuppression
- bed ridden
- post- op
- poor nutrition
- tracheostomy or mechanical ventilation
- colds/respiratory infection
- chronic illness (such as lung cancer)
- impaired gag reflex
- aLOC
s/s of pneumonia - ANS fever/chills, green/rust-colored sputum, shortness of breath,
(sharp/plueritic) chest pain, headache, crackles, tachycardia, cyanosis, tachypnea (rapid and
shallow)
dx of pneumonia - ANS - chest x-ray
- increase WBC
- decrease PaO₂
- sputum culture/sensitivity
- VQ scan (identifies early Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia)
Treatment of pneumonia - ANS - antibiotics if infectious/antimicrobial tx
- possibly ventilation
,- increase fluids (2-3L/day) & high-calorie diet
- humidified O₂
- bed rest as indicated
- analgesics to relieve pleuritic chest pain
Priority nursing interventions pneumonia - ANS - raise head of bed (at least semi-Fowler's)
- admin O₂
- turn/reposition pts who are immobilized
- assess lung sounds
- deep breathing/coughing
- provide adequate rest
- admin meds
- monitor for complications
Legionnaire's disease - ANS A severe, often fatal bacterial disease characterized by
pneumonia, dry cough and sometimes gastrointestinal symptoms.
** mortality ~ 15%
asthma - ANS A chronic pulmonary disorder characterized by episodes of severe breathing
difficulty, coughing, and wheezing.
asthma is most common in... - ANS children
what causes asthma? - ANS exposure to substance results in increased histamine production
causing edema of mucus membrane, spasm of smooth muscle of bronchi/bronchioles, and
accumulation of secretions
Asthma Etiology - ANS - uncertain, often hypersensitivity to allergens
- upper respiratory infection, anxiety, exercise can initiate, endocrine changes
risk factors of asthma attack - ANS allergen, allergic rhinitis, upper airway infection, sudden
changes in temperature/weather
s/s asthma - ANS - wheezing
- chest tightness
- SOB
- coughing fits (thick, clear, or yellow sputum)
- tachycardia, sweating
- hyperresonance
- diminished breath sounds
dx asthma - ANS - physical exam
- chest x-ray
- sputum (casts of airways or eosinophils)
, - skin testing for specific allergens
treatment of asthma - ANS *- Avoidance of triggers*
- Short-acting ß2-agonists (SABA)
- Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS)
- Long-acting ß2-agonists (LABA)
- Leukotriene antagonists (modifiers) (LTRA)
Beta-adrenergic agonists - ANS Stimulate the beta-receptors in the sympathetic nervous
system, increasing calcium flow into the myocardial cells, and causing increased contraction
bronchodilator - ANS a medication that relaxes and expands the bronchial passages into the
lungs
corticosteroids - ANS A group of hormones, including cortisol, released by the adrenal glands at
times of stress
Epinephrine - ANS Neurotransmitter secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to stress. Also
known as adrenaline.
terbutaline - ANS Beta 2 agonist
Theophylline - ANS a bronchodilator used to treat asthma and bronchitis and emphysema
status asthmaticus - ANS a severe, life-threatening asthma attack that is refractory to usual
treatment and places the patient at risk for developing respiratory failure.
Asthma nursing interventions - ANS - Teach to avoid triggers
- Teach to administer medication by meter-dose-inhaler
- Teach to administer medication by continuous nebulizer
- Teach peak expiratory flow rate monitoring
- Raise head of bed
- Admin O₂
- Encourage diaphragmatic breathing
- Provide chest percussion and postural drainage (once symptoms improve)
- Promote rest, calm pt, relieve anxiety
Status asthmaticus treatment - ANS IV fluids, potent systemic bronchodilator, steroids,
epinephrine, oxygen (humidified)
** unrelieved by epinephrine requires noninvasive positive pressure ventilation
emphysema - ANS a chronic, irreversible disease of the lungs characterized by abnormal
enlargement of air spaces in the lungs accompanied by destruction of the tissue lining the walls
of the air spaces.
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