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CAS 203 Exam 2 Comprehensive Questions And Correct Detailed Answers.
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Language is abstract - correct answer - words stand for objects, people, ideas, etc. but words are not themselves the things that they represent - not bound to the thing it represents Language is arbitrary - correct answer - there is no inherent reason for using a particular word to r...

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  • September 9, 2024
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CAS 203 Exam 2

Language is abstract - correct answer - words stand for objects, people, ideas, etc. but words are not
themselves the things that they represent

- not bound to the thing it represents



Language is arbitrary - correct answer - there is no inherent reason for using a particular word to
represent a particular object or idea

- there is no fixed connection between words and what they represent



Language is related to culture - correct answer - language is related to the culture of the people who
use it

- characteristics of language can reveal cultural values and norms

- language changes with new cultural developments



Language is consequential - correct answer - when we use language to represent our reality, our
words inevitably highlight some aspects of that reality and neglect others

- when we label individuals or groups, we also create consequences for them



Abstract language - correct answer - words that have very general meanings because they cover a
variety of events, objects, or actions



Concrete language - correct answer - words that refer to specific events and behaviors or tangible
objects that are available to the senses

- references to specific events, objects, or actions



The claims of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis - correct answer - the way people think depends on the
structure of their language

- if there is no word in your language to represent some object or idea, then you would not be able to
understand or comprehend that object or idea

,Linguistic relativity - correct answer - the assumption that different languages reflect and create
cultural differences in conceptions of reality



Totalizing - correct answer - resolving or neglecting details, nuances, or complexity

- language totalizes reality because words create an incomplete and oversimplified image of real
experiences



Reification - correct answer - reacting to words as though they are an accurate and complete
representation of reality

- occurs when we respond to labels as though they are themselves real



The Three Levels of Rules for Language Use - correct answer 1. Pragmatic Rules: guidelines for
performing actions using language (speech acts)

2. Semantic Rules- Guidelines for using words in phrases based on meanings (meanings)

3. Syntactic Rules- guidelines for structuring words and phrases within a meaning (structure)



The Maxims of Conversation - correct answer 1. Maxim of Quantity: a conversational rule that
communicators should provide sufficient information to advance the conversation (provide sufficient
information)

2. Maxim of Quality: A conversational rule that communicators should make truthful contributions to
conversation (be truthful)

3. Maxim of Relevance: A conversational rule that communicators should make contributions to
conversation that are pertinent to the topic (stay on topic)

4. Maxim of Manner: A conversational rule that communicators should strive to be clear, organized, and
to the point (be clear, organized, and to the point)



How gender affects language use - correct answer - girls are more likely than boys to express
agreement, acknowledge what another person has said, and soften their speech to avoid asserting
dominance

- women make more hesitant or qualified claims

- women are more likely to insert hedges, qualifiers, or tag questions into their messages

- women tend to use more emotional terms and more passive verb forms

, - boys tend to be more coercive, controlling, demanding, and confrontational than girls

- men are more factual and to the point in their word choice

- men use more short, declarative and judgmental sentences



How power affects language use - correct answer - when the other person has more power, we try to
minimize the negative impact of our words

- we have less freedom to impose on people with whom we have a more distant relationship

- when we need to soften the impact of an intrusive speech act, we use polite messages



How intimacy affects language use - correct answer - in intimate relationships our use of language is
more informal

- idioms surface is close relationships: a term or phrase that has a special meaning known only to
members of the group

- intimacy is reflected by the pronouns that people use to refer to themselves and their partner



Racist language - correct answer - includes words and utterances that undermine a person's ethnic
group

- these verbal messages dehumanize their targets and render people vulnerable to both discrimination
and acts of violence



Sexist language - correct answer - words or expressions that differentiate between the sexes or
exclude and trivialize either gender



Heterosexist language - correct answer - language that assumes heterosexuality is superior to other
sexual orientations

- includes derogatory comments, insults, jokes, or threats about the sexual practices or someone who is
not heterosexual



The channels of nonverbal behavior (9) - correct answer 1. Kinesics: movement of the body including
gestures, orientation of the body during conversation, posture

2. Facial Expressions: movement of the facial muscles: primarily for the communication of various
emotions

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