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ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 2 QUESTIONS AND ANSWER UPDATED 2024
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ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 2 QUESTIONS AND ANSWER UPDATED 2024
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ESTUDYADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 2 QUESTIONS
AND ANSWER UPDATED
### 1. What is the total volume of blood in the human body?
- A. 3000 ml
- B. 4000 ml
- C. 5000 ml
- D. 6000 ml
**Answer: C. 5000 ml**
### 2. What percentage of blood is plasma?
- A. 1000 ml
- B. 3000 ml
- C. 4000 ml
- D. 5000 ml
**Answer: B. 3000 ml**
### 3. How is hematocrit defined?
- A. Percentage of white blood cells
- B. Percentage of red blood cells
- C. Percentage of platelets
- D. Percentage of plasma
**Answer: B. Percentage of red blood cells**
### 4. What is the lifespan of a red blood cell (RBC)?
- A. 60 days
- B. 90 days
- C. 120 days
- D. 150 days
**Answer: C. 120 days**
### 5. Where are red blood cells (RBCs) made after age 20?
- A. In the heart
- B. In the liver
- C. In the bone marrow of the vertebrae, sternum, ribs, and iliac crest
- D. In the kidneys
**Answer: C. In the bone marrow of the vertebrae, sternum, ribs, and iliac crest**
### 6. What does “Cytic” refer to when talking about red blood cells?
- A. The number of RBCs
- B. The size of RBCs
- C. The color of RBCs
- D. The shape of RBCs
**Answer: B. The size of RBCs**
### 7. What does “Chromic” refer to in red blood cells?
- A. The shape of RBCs
- B. The size of RBCs
- C. The amount of hemoglobin (Hgb) in RBCs
- D. The number of RBCs
**Answer: C. The amount of hemoglobin (Hgb) in RBCs**
,ESTUDY
### 8. What is the normal Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) range for red blood cells?
- A. 50-82
- B. 83-99
- C. 100-110
- D. 32-36
**Answer: B. 83-99**
### 9. Which type of red blood cell size is described as "microcytic"?
- A. Small RBCs (MCV = 50-82)
- B. Large RBCs (MCV = 100+)
- C. Normal RBCs (MCV = 83-99)
- D. None of the above
**Answer: A. Small RBCs (MCV = 50-82)**
### 10. What is the normal Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) value?
- A. 50-82
- B. 83-99
- C. 100+
- D. 32-36
**Answer: D. 32-36**
### 11. Which white blood cells (WBCs) defend the body against foreign invaders?
- A. Erythrocytes
- B. Leukocytes
- C. Platelets
- D. Albumin
**Answer: B. Leukocytes**
### 12. What does an increase in "bands" indicate in a blood test?
- A. Viral infection
- B. Bacterial infection
- C. Fungal infection
- D. Parasitic infection
**Answer: B. Bacterial infection**
### 13. What term describes a low number of white blood cells (WBCs)?
- A. Leukocytosis
- B. Leukopenia
- C. Polycythemia
- D. Anemia
**Answer: B. Leukopenia**
### 14. Which type of leukocyte is involved in allergic reactions or fighting parasites?
- A. Basophils
- B. Eosinophils
- C. Neutrophils
- D. Monocytes
**Answer: B. Eosinophils**
### 15. What do platelets (thrombocytes) do?
- A. Carry oxygen
- B. Fight infections
- C. Help in blood clotting
,ESTUDY
- D. Store energy
**Answer: C. Help in blood clotting**
### 16. What is the normal platelet count?
- A. 50,000-100,000
- B. 100,000-150,000
- C. 150,000-300,000
- D. 300,000-500,000
**Answer: C. 150,000-300,000**
### 17. What can low albumin levels cause in the body?
- A. High blood pressure
- B. Fluid leakage into the tissues (edema)
- C. Increased oxygen levels
- D. High platelet count
**Answer: B. Fluid leakage into the tissues (edema)**
### 18. Which condition involves low platelet count due to hypertension and is seen in pregnant
women?
- A. HELLP syndrome
- B. Anemia
- C. Thrombocytosis
- D. Polycythemia
**Answer: A. HELLP syndrome**
### 19. What is anemia?
- A. Low red blood cell (RBC) count or reduced hemoglobin (Hgb)
- B. High white blood cell (WBC) count
- C. Low platelet count
- D. High blood pressure
**Answer: A. Low red blood cell (RBC) count or reduced hemoglobin (Hgb)**
### 20. What is a common symptom of anemia?
- A. Hypoxia
- B. High blood pressure
- C. Increased RBC production
- D. Low white blood cell count
**Answer: A. Hypoxia**
Class of Anemia:
- Bone marrow infiltration
✔✔ - ANSWER - - CA
- Lymphoma
Class of Anemia:
- RBC / Erythrocyte Destruction
✔✔ - ANSWER - - Blood loss
- Hemolysis INTRAcorpuscular [cell itself)
- Hgb S [sickle cell)
- G6PD [Oxidation-Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency)
, ESTUDY
- EXTRAcorpuscular [outside the cell)
- Immune mechanisms
- Infection
Red blood cells / glycolysis / ATP
✔✔ - ANSWER - How dependent the red blood cell is on ATP production from glycolysis - The
glucose molecule through glycolysis you get this bisphosphoglycerate which is the precursor to the
hemoglobin that is necessary for the red blood cell to function correctly.
Blood Loss Anemia
✔✔ - ANSWER - - Acute hypovolemia and shock usually
- Cells are normcytic and normochromic
- Low H&H
- Hypoxia causes and increase in RBC production
[compensatory mechanism - takes a while)
- H&H should return to normal in 3-4 weeks
Blood Loss Anemia - Causes:
✔✔ - ANSWER - - L&D [iron supps and prenatal vits help prevent this - In one month back to
normal)
- Trauma
- Insidious loss due to ulcers or lesions
*According to Reavis, all pts of age or that are insidiously bleeding With a drop in hemoglobin are to
have a colonoscopy to help prevent colon CA
Microcytic Anemia - small cell
✔✔ - ANSWER - MCV 52-82, MCHC 24-32 - Do not hold as much hemoglobin = low MCHC
Microcytic Anemias:
Seen in :
✔✔ - ANSWER - - IDA = Iron deficiency anemia
- Thalassemia
Microcytic Anemias:
- Thalassemia
✔✔ - ANSWER - - Genetic disorder passed on to children
- Recessive trait
- Minor: 2/4 alpha forming genes are defective
[both parents pass on to minor, child would present with major]
- Major: incompatible with life - all 4 alpha forming genes are defective - O2 cannot be released to
the tissues
Causes of Microcytic Anemias
✔✔ - ANSWER - - Chronic Diseases:
- CRF [Chronic Renal Failure)
- DM
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