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ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS 2024
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ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS 2024
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ESTUDYADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1 EXAM
QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
### 1. Which of the following is an example of a semi-quantitative test?
- A. Colony forming units (CFU/mL)
- B. Pregnancy test
- C. Serum potassium
- D. White blood cell count
**Answer: A. Colony forming units (CFU/mL)**
### 2. Which of the following is true regarding how reference ranges are established?
- A. Critical value(s) must be included within upper and lower limits
- B. Includes 99.7% of individuals within reference population
- C. Range obtained by testing a sick sample
- D. Statistically derived using mean and standard deviation
**Answer: D. Statistically derived using mean and standard deviation**
### 3. Hemoconcentration leads to which of the following lab abnormalities?
- A. Elevated hemoglobin
- B. Low potassium (Hypokalemia)
- C. Low sodium (Hyponatremia)
- D. Low platelets (Thrombocytopenia)
**Answer: A. Elevated hemoglobin**
### 4. Which of the following is true about interpreting lab results?
- A. An isolated abnormal value is a reliable indicator of disease
- B. The patient’s baseline level doesn’t matter
- C. Lab results should be used along with signs and symptoms
- D. Any value outside the reference range is clinically important
**Answer: C. Lab results should be used along with signs and symptoms**
### 5. What is true when interpreting serum sodium levels?
- A. Abnormal sodium values are always clinically important
- B. Symptoms don’t reveal much about severity
- C. High blood glucose does not affect sodium levels
- D. Sodium levels should be assessed along with the patient's fluid status
**Answer: D. Sodium levels should be assessed along with the patient's fluid status**
### 6. Why is lab testing considered imperfect?
- A. Only measures specific conditions
- B. No standardized methods
- C. False negatives and false positives
- D. Too time-consuming
**Answer: C. False negatives and false positives**
### 7. What is the purpose of a screening test?
- A. Test people with symptoms
- B. Detect people without symptoms
- C. High specificity
- D. Complex and costly
**Answer: B. Detect people without symptoms**
,ESTUDY
### 8. What defines high sensitivity in a test?
- A. Few false positives
- B. Detects most true negatives
- C. Few false negatives
- D. Measures specific indicators
**Answer: C. Few false negatives**
### 9. Which of the following is an example of a situation where a screening test would be used?
- A. Testing a patient with symptoms of diabetes
- B. Conducting a Pap smear on a person at risk of cervical cancer
- C. Measuring blood pressure in hypertensive patients
- D. Testing glucose in diabetic patients
**Answer: B. Conducting a Pap smear on a person at risk of cervical cancer**
### 10. What is a characteristic of a diagnostic test?
- A. Used for people without symptoms
- B. High sensitivity
- C. More complex and provides definitive results
- D. Requires confirmatory testing
**Answer: C. More complex and provides definitive results**
### 11. What defines high specificity in a test?
- A. Few false negatives
- B. Few false positives
- C. Detects all abnormalities
- D. Provides numerical results
**Answer: B. Few false positives**
### 12. When would you use a diagnostic test?
- A. For routine screening in healthy individuals
- B. Measuring A1C in a patient showing symptoms of diabetes
- C. Conducting a pregnancy test on all women
- D. Measuring blood pressure in a healthy patient
**Answer: B. Measuring A1C in a patient showing symptoms of diabetes**
### 13. What is a quantitative test?
- A. Gives an exact number
- B. Provides a positive or negative result
- C. Varies in degrees of positivity
- D. Used only for screening purposes
**Answer: A. Gives an exact number**
### 14. What is a qualitative test?
- A. Exact numeric measurement
- B. Positive or negative result
- C. Gives a specific concentration
- D. Must be compared to a reference range
**Answer: B. Positive or negative result**
### 15. What is a semi-quantitative test?
- A. Gives an exact numeric result
- B. Varies in degrees of positivity like 1+, 2+, 3+
- C. Only gives a positive or negative result
,ESTUDY
- D. Always provides definitive diagnosis
**Answer: B. Varies in degrees of positivity like 1+, 2+, 3+**
### 16. What is the definition of a biomarker?
- A. A protein that carries oxygen in the blood
- B. A measurable indicator of a normal or abnormal biological process
- C. A tool used only in imaging tests
- D. A treatment for certain diseases
**Answer: B. A measurable indicator of a normal or abnormal biological process**
### 17. Which of the following is a common use of biomarker tests?
- A. Diagnosing and staging diseases
- B. Monitoring heart rate
- C. Measuring blood pressure
- D. Treating an infection
**Answer: A. Diagnosing and staging diseases**
### 18. What is an example of a biomarker test?
- A. Measuring blood pressure during exercise
- B. Measuring cardiac enzymes during a heart attack (acute MI)
- C. Measuring A1C in a diabetes screening
- D. Conducting a pregnancy test
**Answer: B. Measuring cardiac enzymes during a heart attack (acute MI)**
### 19. What is the definition of a reference range?
- A. The range of values found in sick patients
- B. A range obtained by testing a healthy population
- C. A statistical measure of lab test variability
- D. The absolute upper and lower limits for lab values
**Answer: B. A range obtained by testing a healthy population**
### 20. What percentage of the population falls within the reference range?
- A. 100%
- B. 99.7%
- C. 95%
- D. 50%
**Answer: C. 95%**
### 21. Are the upper and lower limits of the reference range absolute?
- A. Yes, values outside the range are always dangerous
- B. No, values outside the range may not always need to be treated
- C. Yes, they represent critical values
- D. No, they are only used for diagnostic purposes
**Answer: B. No, values outside the range may not always need to be treated**
### 22. What is a critical value in lab testing?
- A. Any value outside the reference range
- B. A value that is slightly above or below the reference range
- C. A value far outside the reference range, indicating a higher risk of poor outcomes
- D. A typical finding in healthy individuals
**Answer: C. A value far outside the reference range, indicating a higher risk of poor outcomes**
### 23. How can pregnancy influence lab test results?
, ESTUDY
- A. Pregnant women always have lower lab values
- B. Pregnant women may have different expected reference ranges and proteins
- C. Lab tests are not affected by pregnancy
- D. Pregnancy causes only a slight change in test results
**Answer: B. Pregnant women may have different expected reference ranges and proteins**
### 24. How does the type of specimen analyzed affect lab results?
- A. The test results are the same regardless of the fluid used
- B. Different fluids, like serum, blood, or urine, have different expected ranges
- C. Blood is always used for all tests
- D. Fluid type doesn’t affect the outcome of lab results
**Answer: B. Different fluids, like serum, blood, or urine, have different expected ranges**
### 25. Does "reference" mean the same as "normal"?
- A. Yes, reference values are always normal
- B. No, a patient’s values may be outside the reference range and still be normal for them
- C. Yes, values outside the reference range should be treated
- D. No, reference and normal are completely unrelated
**Answer: B. No, a patient’s values may be outside the reference range and still be normal for
them**
### 26. How can timing affect lab test results?
- A. Timing doesn’t affect lab values
- B. Timing of meals, medications, or time of day can affect results
- C. Lab tests should be taken only in the morning
- D. Only meals affect lab results
**Answer: B. Timing of meals, medications, or time of day can affect results**
### 27. Which of the following is an example of a lab error?
- A. The result is consistent with previous trends
- B. The result shows a small, expected variation
- C. The result is inconsistent with the trend, clinical signs, or confirmatory tests
- D. The result agrees with the patient’s signs and symptoms
**Answer: C. The result is inconsistent with the trend, clinical signs, or confirmatory tests**
### 28. Which of the following is a patient factor that can influence lab results?
- A. The type of lab test used
- B. The patient’s diet, posture, age, or medications
- C. The time of year
- D. The number of tests performed
**Answer: B. The patient’s diet, posture, age, or medications**
### 29. When is the best time to take lab tests?
- A. At different times each day
- B. Only in the morning
- C. At the same time every day for consistency
- D. After eating a meal
**Answer: C. At the same time every day for consistency**
### 30. How does the location of sample collection affect lab results?
- A. It doesn’t matter where the sample is collected
- B. Samples should be drawn from the same line as drug administration for accuracy
- C. Blood samples should only be collected from veins
- D. Different locations don’t affect the results
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