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URINALYSIS AND BODY FLUIDS Questions and Correct Answers | Latest Update
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Lecithin: sphingomyelin ratio (L:S Ratio)- what is the purpose, and the L:S ratio. -:- Purpose= Assessment of *fetal lung maturity* Method= Thin layer *chromatography*. Comment= L:S ratio *>2.0 signifies maturity* Foam stability index (shake test) -:- Purpose= assessment of *fetal lung m...

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  • September 10, 2024
  • 40
  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
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  • lecithin sphingomyelin ratio ls ratio what is

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2024 /2025 | © copyright | This work may not be copied for profit gain | Excel!



URINALYSIS AND BODY FLUIDS
Questions and Correct Answers | Latest
Update
Lecithin: sphingomyelin ratio (L:S Ratio)- what is the purpose, and the L:S ratio.
✓ -:- Purpose= Assessment of *fetal lung maturity*

Method= Thin layer *chromatography*.


Comment= L:S ratio *>2.0 signifies maturity*


Foam stability index (shake test)
✓ -:- Purpose= assessment of *fetal lung maturity*.

Method= Shake with *95% ethanol*.


Comment= Foam stability index= tube with *the highest ethanol* volume fraction that will
result in a stable ring of *bubbles at the meniscus* after shaking. An index of *0.48* is
comparable with an *L:S ratio of 2.0*


Amniotic fluid bilirubin
✓ -:- Purpose=Diagnosis of *hemolytic disease of the newborn*.

Method= *Direct spectrophotometric* scan from *365-550* nm.


Comment= Bilirubin has peak absorbance at *450*nm. A baseline is drawn connecting the
365 and 550 nm points. The change of a 450 is to compared to gestational age to determine
severity of disease. *The specimen must be protected from light, blood and medium
interfere*.


Alpha fetoprotein (AFP)
✓ -:- Purpose= Diagnosis of *open neural tube defects*.

Method= *Immunologic* method.

1|P a g e | G r a d eA + | 2 0 2 0 2 5

,2024 /2025 | © copyright | This work may not be copied for profit gain | Excel!


Comment= High levels with *anencephaly, Spina bifida, hydrocephaly.*


CHEMICAL URINALYSIS BY REAGENT STRIP (ASCP)
✓ -:-

pH
Normal=


Significance= (3)


Principle=


Source of error:
a. Decrease
b. Increase:


-Comment=
✓ -:- Normal= First AM: *5-6* (acidic), random: 4.5-8.0 (alkaline)

Principle= Double buffer system.


Significance= useful in evaluation of
1. *acid base balance
2. management of UTI
3. renal calculi*.


Source of error:
a. Decrease: *Acid runner* from *protein square*.
b. Increase: Specimen *left at room temperature* too long.


Comment= Acid with protein/meat diet. Alkaline with vegetarian diet.



2|P a g e | G r a d eA + | 2 0 2 0 2 5

,2024 /2025 | © copyright | This work may not be copied for profit gain | Excel!

Protein


Normal=


Principle=


Significance= (1)


Comment=
✓ -:- Normal= Negative, trace.

Principle=Protein- error of indicator.


Significance= *renal disease*.


Source of error:
a. False-positive: highly *buffered or alkaline urine*, prolonged *dipping*.
b. False-negative: *Protein* other than *albumin*.


Comment=
- Buffered to maintain *pH 3*.
- *Most sensitive to albumin*.
-*Blood, WBCs, bacteria* can cause *positive reaction*.
- Orthostatic proteinuria: a *benign condition* in which protein is *negative in first AM*
specimen and *positive after standing*.


Glucose
Normal=


Principle=


Significance=(1)



3|P a g e | G r a d eA + | 2 0 2 0 2 5

, 2024 /2025 | © copyright | This work may not be copied for profit gain | Excel!

Source of error:
a. False-positive: contamination with (2)
b. False-negative: high levels of (2)


Comment= what is specific for, and more sensitive than-----, how long after eating?
✓ -:- Normal= Negative.

Principle= Glucose oxidase/ Peroxidase.


Significance= *Diabetes mellitus*.


Source of error:
a. False-positive: contamination with *peroxide or oxidizing detergents (bleach)*
b. False-negative: high levels of *ascorbic acid, glycolysis*.


Comment=
- Specific for glucose.
- *More sensitive and specific than copper reduction test*.
- For diabetic monitoring specimen collected *2 hours after eating* is referred.
- Normal renal threshold=*160-180 mg/dl*


Ketone


Normal=


Principle=


Significance= (5)


Source of error:
a. Decrease in


Comment= Most sensitive to

4|P a g e | G r a d eA + | 2 0 2 0 2 5

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