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Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 16th Edition by Gerard J. Tortora
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Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 16th Edition by Gerard J. Tortora
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TEST BANK For Principles of Anatomy and Physiology,16th Edition by Gerard J. Tortora
motor system - ANSWER:all parts of the brain and spinal cord that are devoted to the
OUTPUT of the nervous system.
nervous system has what functions - ANSWER:sensory, processing and motor
Outputs of the nervous system - ANSWER:motor funcitons
2 types motor output - ANSWER:visceral motor, somatic motor
visceral motor - ANSWER:smooth muscle, cardiac, muscle and glands
somatic motor - ANSWER:skeletal muscle, voluntary myscle
brodmann numbers responsible for movement are: - ANSWER:in frontal lobe, area 4,
6, 8, 44 &45
area 4 - ANSWER:precentral gyrus: primary motor cortex, sending axons to alpha
motor neurons of spinal cord (executing movement)
area 6 supplementary motor area - ANSWER:planning or imagining movement
area 8 - ANSWER:frontal eye fields, eye movements
area 44 & 45 - ANSWER:brocas area. in most people brocas area on the left side is
reponsible for the production of speech ( movement of throuat and tongue)
primary motor cortex - ANSWER:region where signal controlling movement
originates. anatomically: precentral gyrus, all consciousness is in cortex, so only
sonsious planned movement starts here.
motor homunculous - ANSWER:face areas found more lateral part of precentral grus,
as move up to midline encounter in order : hand arm shoulder, trunk, hip, leg, toes
The lateral surface of brain is suppplied by - ANSWER:different set of arteries and
arterial branches than then the medial surface of the brain.
stroke in right lateral precentral gyrus
stroke in irght medial precentral gyrus - ANSWER:paralysis left side of face
paralysis of the left leg
,pryamidal system- - ANSWER:info about conscious willed movement is planned in 2
areas of brain cortex. cells in this region send axons down through a important CNS
tract called this...
pryamidal system: definition - ANSWER:single group of axons the inexplicably chages
namesfour or five times. starting as internal capsule, change names twice and then
emerges on ventral surface of medulla as (medullary) yramids and then decussates
at the decussation of the pyramids ( at the foramen magnum) then becomes the
lateral corticospinal tract in spinal cord. these are upper motor neurons
corticospinal tract - ANSWER:pathway from motor cortex to spinal cord
motor pathways - ANSWER:cell bodies in precentral gyrus, send zxons down spinal
cord, pathway changes names several times but theyre the same axons
name change of motor pathway - ANSWER:internal capsule, near thalmus
phyramids in medulla
decussation of pyramids (pyramidal decussation)
lateral corticospinal tract in spinal cord
decussate - ANSWER:cross in the form of "X"
Decussation of the pyramids - ANSWER:where the info corsses form left side of brain
to the right side of body and vise versa
lateral corticospinal tract - ANSWER:motor info from the motor region of cerbrum
(motor cortex) travel here. when axons reagh the right level they enter the anterior
horn and make synapses onto motor neurons there. make synaptic contact onto the
alpha motor neuron that will innervate the correct muscle the alpha motor neuron is
a lower motor neuron.
motor neuron - ANSWER:regulate movement...each effector of motor system is
controlled by a nerve cell. last point of contact between the nerovus systema dn
effector organ. receive input from brain through spinal cord, and a reflex pathway
within the spinal cord. generate electrical impulse (action potential) which travels
along axon to axon terminal
excitation-contraction coupling - ANSWER:anatomically the strucute where nerve
contacts muscle is called neuroomuscular junction or motor end plate. special name
for the synapse between muscle and nerve.
somatic motor systems pathway - ANSWER:effector organ receives baton is skeletal
muscle. baton is the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and it acts on nicotinic
acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the mosucle postsynaptic membrane the
receptors are excitory because they allow na and K ions to pass when activated. the
process triggered by nAChRs is called exciataiton contraction coupling.
, action potential at neuromuscular junction - ANSWER:impulse trigger realease of
acetylcholine, acetylcholine diffuses across the space between nerve and muscle cell
triggering muscle cell action potential. this evenuall caus Ca release from stores in
muscle. action potential travels along muscle surface. ACh removed by enzyme
acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
for visceral systems what neurotransmitters released - ANSWER:acetylcholine if
parasympatheric, or norepinephrine if sympatheric.
acetylcholine neurotransmitter.. receptor? - ANSWER:muscarinic acetylcholine
receptors (either inhibitory or excitatory)
norepinephrine neurotransmitter.. receptor? - ANSWER:alpha or beta adrenergic
terminology for somatic movement systems - ANSWER:lower motor neuron, upper
motor neuron
lower motor neuron - ANSWER:used to refer to the neuron that makes the final
contact between nerovus sysem and effector organ. directly innervate skeletal
muscle. ex. alpha motor neuron
alpha motor neuron - ANSWER:cell bodies in ventral horn of spinal cord and axon
that travels as part of anerve to end in a neuromuscular junciton on skeletal muscle.
upper motor neuron - ANSWER:all other neurons in brain and spinal cord that
influence movement but don not make direct contact with a skeletal muscle fiber.
ex. neurons of precentral gyrus (primary motor cortex), neurons in basal ganglia
(basal nuclei) and neurons of the cerebellum
sensory systems - ANSWER:parts of the nervous system that receive information
from external or internal enviornment.
relevan stimulus - ANSWER:each receptor has relevant stimulus which is the kind of
environmental energy it is capable of transducing. energy form the environment is
generally not in a form that the nerovus system can use directly. ex photons (vison)
chemicals present in environment around receptor, pressure waves of sound
(hearing) or temperature. ... so photoreceptors dont care what temp it is.
transduciton - ANSWER:process through which environmental energy is transformed
into nervous systemenergy is called transduction. first step in any sensory system
thalmus - ANSWER:decides which stimuli reach conscionusness so all sensory
systems are routed through thalmus before reach cortex... except olfaction
steps of sensory system, - ANSWER:stimuli, transduciton, infor relay to cortex for
consciousness, thalmus, there is a region of cortex responsible for perception of
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