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PMCOL 343 - Final Exam Latest Update
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PMCOL 343 - Final Exam Latest Update ...
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PMCOL 343 - Final Exam LatestUpdate
Diphenoxylate - Answer Opioid that controls diarrhea (causes constipation)
Loperamide - Answer Opioid that controls diarrhea (causes constipation)
Dextromethorphan - Answer Opioid that suppresses cough by acting on nTS
(non-analgesic)
IV anesthetics - Answer Propofol, ketamine, etomidate, methohexital, thiopentone
(barbiturate)
Inhalation anaesthetics - Answer Sevoflurane, deflurane, isoflurane, N2O
For neuromuscular blockades - Answer Succinylcholine, rocuronium, atrcurium,
cisatracuriu, neostigmine
adjuvant agents for anesthesia - Answer opioids, midazolam, dexmedetomidine
Propofol - Answer GABA-A agonist. IV anasethetic with rapid onset, predictable half-life,
anti-emetic and anticonvulsant properties, no hangover. Commonly used for TIVA.
Etodimate - Answer GABA-A agonist (potentiator), IV anaesthetic
Ketamine - Answer NMDA antagonist, analgesic and anesthetic effects, increases
HR/BP, but can be used for procedural sedation
Benzodiazepines - Answer GABA-A agonist, use during operations, also anxiolytic,
sedative, anterograde amnesia, and anticonvulsant, minimal CV and rest depression,
quick onset, short half life
Flumazenil - Answer Reverses the effects of benzodiazepines
Dexmedetomidine - Answer Alpha 2 agonist, used for sedation, limited rest depression,
ut causes hypotension and brachycardia, slow onset
Cocaine - Answer Ester local anesthetic, block Na channels
Procaine - Answer Ester local anesthetic, block Na channels
Lidocaine - Answer Amide local anesthetic, block Na channels
Bupivacaine - Answer Amide local anesthetic, block Na channels, R (+) binds more
readily to cardiac Na channels and is more cardio toxic (S (-) better)
, Pegvisomant - Answer Recombinant growth hormone antagonist (for acromegaly or
gigantism)
Octreotide - Answer Somatostatin receptor agonist (to decrease growth and treat
acromegaly and gigantism)
Dexamethasone - Answer higher affinity and specificity for GC receptor (30:0), long
acting
Fludrocortisone - Answer higher affinity and specificity for MC receptor (0:250)
Hydrocortisone - Answer GC replacement therapy, does not replicate circadian rhythm
of cortisol secretion
Continuous subcutaneous hydrocortisone infusion (CSHI) - Answer GC replacement
therapy, follows more closely with cortisol physiology (slow rise in morning) but does
not have ultra radian pulsatility.
Chronocort - Answer GC replacement therapy with delayed absorption, mimics cortisol
levels most closely
Ketoconazole - Answer anti-fungal that inhibits 17alpha-hydroxylase, used to treat
Cushing's disease (decrease cortisol and DHEA) but can cause increases in
progesterone and aldosterone
Metyrapone - Answer Inhibits 11beta-hydroxylase, used to treat Cushing's Disease
(decrease cortisol, corticosterone, and aldosterone) but can cause hirsutism and
hypertension
Mifepristone - Answer GC and progesterone antagonist that binds to GC and
progesterone receptors and has much higher binding affinity. Used for patients with
ectopic ACTH secretion or adrenal carcinoma. Also a SPRM which can be used as
emergency contraception to inhibit LH surge and ovulation.
Selective GR Modulators (SGRMs) - Answer steroid or non-steroid compounds that
favour trans repressing actions of GR (rather than transactivation). Also has
anti-inflammatory effects.
Anastrozole - Answer Aromatase inhibitor; steroidal or non-steroidal, selective inhibition
of estrogen synthesis, treatment for breast cancer with no risk of uterine cancer or
venous thromboembolism
Clomiphene Citrate - Answer Selective estrogen receptor modulator, blocks ERs in
pituitary and hypothalamus (so decrease negative feedback and increase estrogen
secretion) - only useful in people with a functioning HPO axis. Stimulates ovulation due
to increase in LH.
Tamoxifen - Answer SERM, antagonistic in breast tissue, agonistic in bone, agonist in
uterus (bad), modulation of signalling proteins, and activation of apoptosis. It is a
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