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Principles of Development 6th Edition Wolpert Test Ban1
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Principles of Development 6th Edition Wolpert TestBank
Social Change of the 20th Century that fueled demand for knowledge about
developmental science - ANSWER The start of public education
Empirically Sound - ANSWER that it's possible to gather evidence that directly
supports the hypothesis.
Continuous Development - ANSWER Development is a process of gradually
augmenting the same types of skills that were there to begin with.
Discontinuous Development - ANSWER The view that development is a process in
which new ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge at specific
times. Therefore children and infants have unique ways of thinking, feeling and
behaving
Personal Contexts - ANSWER Hereditary and biological make up
Environmental Context - ANSWER Home, school, neighborhood
Community resources, time period, societal values
Mutually Influential Relationships - ANSWER People are both affected by context
but also contribute to the contexts to which they develop
Developmental systems perspective - ANSWER Human change is a perpetually
ongoing process, extending from conception to death, that is modeled by a complex
network of biological, physiological and social influences
Lifespan Perspective - ANSWER Developmental systems that assumes human
development is lifelong, multidimensional, multi directional, highly plastic at all
stages, and affected by multiple interacting forces
Changes occur in three main areas: physical, cognitive, and emotional/social which
all overlap.
Emphasizes many developmental pathways and outcomes.
Differences between younger stages are more prominent
Plastic - ANSWER What happened early in your life can have a huge
impact/influence later in your developmental path. Which is more prominent in
younger years. Although it's not concrete as true developmental change occurs
throughout the lifespan
Multidimensional Development - ANSWER The challenges and development of a
lifespan are affected by a combination of biological, physiological, and social forces
,Multi directional Development - ANSWER Development has growth and decline at
every stage. Such as giving up one skill to learn something else.
Change is multi directional within each domain of development. Change can be
negative and slower.
Age Graded Influences - ANSWER Influences of lifespan development that are
strongly related to age and therefore predictable for when they occur and how long
they'll last. Such as going to school for kids or retirement for old people
History Grade Influences - ANSWER Influences of lifespan development that are
unique to a time era and explains why people born around the same time (cohorts)
tend to be similar in ways that set them apart from people born in other time periods.
Nonnormative Influences - ANSWER Influences of lifespan development that are
irregular, in that they happen to a very small group of people and do not follow a
predictable time table. Like divorces, winning the lottery
Darwin - ANSWER Natural Selection
Emphasized the adaptive value of physical characteristics and behaviors. Affection
and care in families promote survival and psychological well being through out the
lifespan.
Normative Approach
Hall and Gesell - ANSWER Measures of behavior are taken on large numbers of
individuals, and age related averages are computed to represent typical
development.
Such as the motor achievements, social behaviors, and personality characteristics of
infants and children
Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale - ANSWER Provides a score that predicted school
achievement to identify children with learning problems.
Sparked interest in individual differences of development
Psychoanalytic Perspective Freud - ANSWER Introduced by Freud
Assumes people move through a series of stages in which they confront conflicts
between biological drives and social expectations.
No longer mainstream and too vague
Psychosexual Theory - ANSWER Freud's Theory which emphasizes that how
parents manage children's sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years is
crucial for healthy development.
Criticisms: too much focus on libido and did not apply well to other cultures
,Freud - ANSWER the id is the set of uncoordinated instinctual trends; the super-
ego plays the critical and moralizing role;
the ego is the organized, realistic part that mediates between the desires of the id
and the super-ego.
Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Genital
Psychosocial Theory - ANSWER Erikson's Theory in which individuals acquire
attitudes and skills that make them active, contributing members of society.
Normal development must be understood in relation to each culture's life situation
Trust vs Mistrust
Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
Initiative vs Guilt
Industry vs Inferiority
Identity vs Identity Confusion
Intimacy vs Isolation
Generativity vs Stagnation
Integrity vs Despair
Case Clinical Study Method - ANSWER A research method in which the aim is to
obtain as complete a picture as possible of one individual's psychological functioning
and the experiences that led up to it by bringing in interview data and test scores.
Behaviorism/Behaviorist - ANSWER Approach of DIRECTLY observable events,
stimuli and responses, as the appropriate focus of study and views the development
of behavior as taking place through classical and operant conditioning.
Criticism, doesn't attribute people's contributions to their own development
Classical Conditioning - ANSWER a learning process that occurs when two stimuli
are repeatedly paired; a response that is at first elicited by the second stimulus is
eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone.
Social Learning Theory - ANSWER Emphasizes the role of modelling and imitation
of others as a source of development
posits that people learn from one another, via observation, imitation, and modeling
Criticism, doesn't attribute people's contributions to their own development
Social Cognitive Bandura - ANSWER Bandura
places a strong emphasis on how we think about ourselves and other people
, Children gradually become more selective on who they imitate and develop a
personal standard and a sense of self efficacy
Factors that motivate a child to imitate - ANSWER Observations of a model being
punished/reinforced, their own history of punishment and reinforcement, and the
promise of future punishment and reinforcement
Applied Behavior Analysis - ANSWER Careful observations of individual behavior
and related environmental events, followed by systematic changes in those events
based on procedures of conditioning and modelling. The goal is to eliminate
undesirable behaviors and increase desirable responses
Cognitive Development Theory Piaget - ANSWER Children actively construct
knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world. Cognitive development takes
place in stages.
Children eventually revise their incorrect ideas in their ongoing efforts to achieve an
equilibrium
Criticism that nothing new occurs after adolescence, underestimates the
competence of children, doesn't pay enough attention to social/cultural influences
Piaget Sensorimotor - ANSWER A child's thinking at this stage is governed by
actions as demonstrated by his attempts to learn about the world by grasping,
watching, sucking and manipulating objects. The child is ruled by his sensations and
actions and, as such, learns by sensing and doing.
Thinking is directly attached to sensations
Piaget Preoperational Stage - ANSWER Children use symbols to express
concepts.
Make use of language and play make believe but lacks logic
We're easily fooled by what things look like due not being completely dependent on
sensing
The child is drawn by changes in the appearance of the materials to conclude that a
change has occurred.
Piaget Concrete Operational Stage - ANSWER Children's reasoning becomes
logical and organized. But only in regards to concrete information they can perceive
directly.
Piaget Formal Operational Stage - ANSWER The capacity of abstract thinking that
enables adolescents to form a hypothesis, deduce testable inferences, and isolate
and combine variables. Can also deduce the logic of verbal statements without using
real world circumstances.
Information Processing - ANSWER Perspective that views the human mind as a
symbol manipulating system through which information flows and that regards
cognitive development as a continuous process.
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