Exam (elaborations)
Introduction to Statistics
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Introduction to Statistics
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Introduction to StatisticsStatistics - ANSWER A set of tools and techniques that is used for describing,
organizing, and interpreting information or data
Example of statistics - ANSWER Number of students in a particular curriculum speed
of problem-solving, or average cost of dinner
Purpose of statistics - ANSWER Making decisions with incomplete data
Data - ANSWER A record of an observation or an event such as a test score, grade
in a class, or response time, one!
Data Set - ANSWER A collection of observations or events such as test scores,
grades on a test, or response times
Descriptive statistics - ANSWER Used to organize and describe the characteristics
of a collection of data; measures of central tendency (CT) and measures of variability
Inferential statistics - ANSWER Used to make generalizations from a smaller group
of subjects (a sample to a larger group of subjects (a population); won't have access
to the entire population
Population - ANSWER A group of people that have at least one characteristic in
common (All Aggies)
Sample - ANSWER A subset of a population (Certain subset of Aggies)
Statistic - ANSWER A summarized value of a sample (Avg. Age of Aggies)
Parameter - ANSWER A summarized value of a population (avg. age of the entire
population of aggies)
Variables - ANSWER A characteristic (of a person, place, or thing) that takes on
different values (Achievement, attitude, knowledge, etc)
Types of variables - ANSWER Quantitative (Numerical) and Qualitative (Categorical
Quantitative Variable - ANSWER Represent differing amounts of the characteristic
(Age, intelligence, or run time, etc.)
Qualitative Variable - ANSWER Represent differing kinds rather than amounts
(Gender, marital status, or breed of dog, etc.)
Continuous Variables - ANSWER Variables that can take on any value (number of
free throws made, GRE score, or number of students in class)
, Discrete Variables - ANSWER Variables that can take of a finite number of values
(marital status, gender, or a year in school)
Dichotomous variable - ANSWER either male or female
Univariate Data - ANSWER When a study involved studying only one variable
(Speed)
Bivariate Data - ANSWER When a study involves studying two variables
simultaneously (Strength and throwing distance)
Purpose four levels of measurement - ANSWER Help the research determine what
types of statistical analyses are appropriate for a given set of data
Nominal Scale - ANSWER (Names) Values merely name the category to which the
object under study belongs, interpretations are limited to statements of kind rather
than amount (Italian, Irish...)
Ordinal Scale - ANSWER Outcomes can be ordered or ranked to reflect differing
degrees or amounts of the characteristic being studied (first vs. second vs. third)
Does not give info about the difference between first and second, second and third
Interval Scale - ANSWER Value assigned is based on some underlying continuum
that has equal intervals (The 2-point difference between 3 and 5 and 7 and 8, drop in
temp from 30C to 10C same as 50C to 30C) (Includes meas. of aptitude,
achievement, or attitude) Social Sciences
Parametric statistical techniques - ANSWER underlying distributions assumed to be
normal
Ratio Scale - ANSWER Has the same characteristics as the interval scale and also
has an absolute zero, absolute zero implies that there can be an absence of the trait
being measured (Height, weight or light) 0 can be the starting point.
Symbol - X - ANSWER Symbol - What we are going to be studying (Ex. Age or
motivation)
Symbol - ∑ - ANSWER Symbol - "Sum of"
Symbol - ∑X - ANSWER Symbol - "Sum of X"
Symbol - N - ANSWER Symbol - Number of people in a population
Symbol - n - ANSWER Symbol - Number of people in a sample
Symbol - (∑X)"2" - ANSWER Symbol - (Sum of X Quantity) squared
Symbol - ∑(X"2") - ANSWER Symbol - Square each X and then sum it up
Symbol - X(-above) - M - ANSWER Symbol - Measures of CT - Mean
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