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PMCOL 303 Heavy Metals Exam Questions And Correct Answers
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PMCOL 303 Heavy Metals ExamQuestions And Correct Answers
Properties of heavy metal elements (3) - Answer 1. High electrical/thermal conductivity
2. High reflectivity
3. Mechanical ductility
Minimum density to be considered "Heavy" - Answer 5g/cm3 (5x water)
Essential heavy metals (5) - Answer Cr, Cu, Fe, Zn, Se
Role of essential heavy metals in biological systems - Answer Co-factors
Why are transport systems and chaperones necessary for heavy metals - Answer
Needed to maintain homeostasis but these elements are often charged (can't pass
membrane) so to maintain appropriate levels need these systems
Metal exposure upregulates (1) by the (2) pathway - Answer 1= metallothioneins
2= metal transcription factor 1
What makes non-essential heavy metals non-essential and what are notable examples? -
Answer They have no biological function, As, Cd, Pb, Hg
Where are heavy metals found on earth - Answer They are ubiquitous in the environment
Bioamplification - Answer The increase in concentration of toxicants as it moves higher
up the food web
What is key food source that is discussed in terms of bioamplification? - Answer Seafood
The focus of metal toxicology is? - Answer Chronic low-dose exposure
Rapid toxicity from high acute doses is rare
Host factors influencing metal toxicity (5) - Answer 1. Age
2. Gender
3. Lifestyle
4. Genetics (polymorphisms)
5. Dietary constituents
(1) reduces the effect of arsenic - Answer 1 = selenium
, Chemical factors of metals that influence protein co-ordination (3) - Answer Valence
electrons
Charge
Radius
Is trivalent chromium toxic? - Answer No it is inert
Absorption of heavy metals in the GIT depends on (5) - Answer 1. Metal solubility
2. pH
3. Secreted ligands (can coordinate to ligand and then be taken up)
4. Rate of transport through mucus
5. Density of membrane transporters
What is metal fume fever - Answer Inhalation of metal fumes that is taken up mainly by
transporters in the lung epithelium causing non-specific flu like syndromes
It is (rare/common) for transdermal exposure to heavy metals because... - Answer Rare,
skin is lipophilic and metals are charged
Why do metals show affinity for particular tissue - Answer they can coordinate to tissue
specific proteins or these specific organs have mechanisms to alter the metal to cause
activity
Major excretory routes for metals - Answer biliary, urinary, fecal
Metals with high solubility and low protein solubility are excreted through... - Answer
urine
What metal is removed by accumulating in hair and nails - Answer As
What are some of the cellular results of heavy metal exposure - Answer 1. Inappropriate
growth/metabolic signalling
2. Loss of critical enzymes
3. Direct structural damage
4. Cellular apoptosis/necrosis
What is mimicry - Answer When non-essential metals binds an essential metalloprotein
or endogenous ligand/ion
Free ionic transition metals facilitate redox cycles through... - Answer 1. Making ROS
2. Catalyzing lipid radical/peroxide formation
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